善き生の回復を求めて――ラルフ・アダムズ・クラムの教会建築論に見る革新主義期アメリカに抗するアングロ・カトリシズムの想像力（イマジェリー）

抄録

Ralph Adams Cram was a prolific American architect and a devoted Anglo-Catholic in the Episcopal Church. In the late nineteenth century, Cram was among the youth who suffered from the weightlessness of life in Nietzschean term. Cram converted from Unitarian to Episcopalian in his mid-twenties and set out on the endeavor to restore the meaning of life through his church architecture based on the teachings of Anglo Catholicism.

Anglo Catholicism was an outgrowth movement of the Oxford movement in England and spread among Episcopalians in the U.S. during and after the Civil War. It placed emphasis on Catholic heritage rather than the Anglican communion and was closely associated medievalism of the day. Cram, as a rising ecclesiastical architect, tried to transplant the fifteenth-century English-Gothic-style church architecture in the U.S., whose development was, in his view, forcibly cut short by the Reformation. Through his writings, moreover, Cram engaged in a sharp rebuke of individualism, which he saw as coming from Protestantism and as shaping U.S. capitalism and imperialism in his day. Cram advocated the restoration of medieval organic communities and the unity of people based on social justice and equality.

This paper argues that Cram sought to recover the existentialism of life in an era when expressions of human diversity, including sexuality, were suppressed in the standardized middle-class norms of Protestantism that had spread through a variety of progressive social reforms. It also claims that the Cram’s attempt was to create a sort of communes for people to take refuge from ever-expanding and encroaching ‘biopower’ in the Progressive era America.