2015 Volume 22 Pages 72-90
Starting in the mid20th century, Japanese citizens began to organize politically as free and independent individuals, without forming wellstructured organizations. Thus, their records sometimes deviate from traditional archival frameworks, based on an understanding of traditional bureaucratic, hierarchical organizations. This essay will assess how well traditional and alternative archival frameworks function in regards to the case of a Japanese citizens'movement that supported American Vietnam War deserters who were against fighting. The author will then show that alternative frameworks with a“continuum”mindset （which have been proposed since the 1980s）are more suitable for managing the records of citizens who coordinate activities beyond the bounds of traditional organizations, and even beyond national borders.
