Abstract
Climate change has imposed unprecedented pressure on global agricultural ecosystems, with the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and water scarcity posing serious threats to crop production stability and food security. To address these challenges, breeding climate change-adaptive crops has become a critical direction for achieving sustainable agricultural development. This paper systematically elaborates on the concept and breeding objectives of climate-adaptive crops and analyzes their adaptive mechanisms under various climate stress conditions. It further summarizes major breeding strategies, including traditional hybrid breeding, marker-assisted selection, genome editing, epigenetic regulation, and artificial intelligence-driven smart breeding technologies. By integrating typical case studies on drought tolerance, heat resistance, salinity and alkalinity tolerance, and pest and disease resistance, the paper demonstrates the pivotal role of multidisciplinary integration in enhancing crop environmental adaptability. Finally, it discusses the technological bottlenecks, genetic resource limitations, and policy and ethical challenges in this field, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation and open data sharing. The study aims to provide scientific insights and strategic guidance for building climate-resilient agricultural systems and promoting global food security.
