Near-infrared spectroscopic study of blood flow changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during pain relief by odor stimulation

Abstract

Chronic pain is an unpleasant experience caused by sensory and emotional instability, sometimes independent of actual tissue damage. Pain relief can greatly impact psychologic, social, and economic well-being. Aromatherapy has long been used to alleviate pain and previous studies demonstrated that odors alter cerebral blood flow. In the present study, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to test our hypothesis that olfactory stimulation contributes to pain relief by altering cerebral blood flow in brain regions associated with pain. Pain was induced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation and assessed using a visual analog scale. Peppermint and lavender olfactory stimuli were used. Based on previous results, we focused on the prefrontal cortex. A placebo experiment in which only air stimulation was presented revealed minimal changes in blood flow in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex when comparing pain stimulation alone and a combination of placebo and pain stimulation. We then examined changes in blood flow following the presentation of peppermint or lavender scents. Significant differences in blood flow were observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) between pain stimulation alone and pain stimulation combined with odor stimulation. These findings supported our previous finding that the DLPFC is involved in pain relief by patch-adhered stimulation, but odor stimulation activated the right DLPFC whereas patch-adhered stimulation suppressed the left DLPFC. One interpretation of the discrepancy is that the contrast of activation between the right and left DLPFC is important in pain relief. Our research will help to elucidate the neurologic mechanisms underlying pain relief.