Statistical Properties Hidden in Complex Systems : On the Basis of the Lognormal Distribution

Abstract

The normal distribution is believed to be a universal distribution in nature. However, we often find many examples which obey skewed distributions, such as the power-law and the lognormal distributions, in both natural and social phenomena. In this article we demonstrate novel and various examples which obey the lognormal distributions and try to explain why the lognormal behavior is often observed in complex systems.