Abstract
Transdermal vaccines utilizing skin immune function are considered a promising modality to administer vaccines because of their less invasiveness than vaccine administration by injection, of their high safety, and of their simplicity in transport and storage. Furthermore, transdermal vaccines allow the optimization of preparations for each antigen because Th1/Th2 immune responses can be adjusted by skin pretreatment or adjuvant selection. Currently, transdermal vaccine delivery systems (TVDSs) are driven for the optimization of adjuvants and for the development of physical methods to administer antigens. Clinical trials of some systems are ongoing, and TVDSs are now the technologies that are promising also in preventive medicine.
