Intra-household Joint Car Travel under the 3-in-1 Policy in Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Abstract

This paper empirically investigates the impacts of the 3-in-1 policy on the choice of travel mode of the local people in Jakarta, Indonesia, using survey data collected in 2002. Two hypotheses regarding the transportation choices of potential drivers and potential passengers in the context of household joint travel are developed and tested empirically with two models: the multinomial-logit-based individual decision model and the binary-logit-based household joint decision model. The results show that household members make decisions about travel modes jointly rather than independently. They also reveal that the 3-in-1 policy motivates potential drivers from low-income households to use transportation modes other than cars, but this is not so in high-income households. Furthermore, the results show that the 3-in-1 policy provides an incentive for potential passengers from high-income households to choose cars as the travel mode, but this is not the case for low-income households.