Assessing the air pollution exposure to school children in different modes of transport while commuting to school: A Case of Kharagpur, India

Abstract

Children commuting to school in urban areas face heightened health risks from vehicular emissions and poor air quality. This study assessed exposures to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ in Kharagpur, India, by measuring pollutant concentrations with Aeroqual S-500 sensors across six transport modes (bus, van, three-wheeler, two-wheeler, walking, and cycling). Sensors were mounted at children’s breathing height during morning and afternoon commutes. Results revealed significantly higher pollutant concentrations near school entrances and parking areas, with active commuters (walking and cycling) inhaling greater doses than those using passive modes (e.g., bus, van). Despite many children residing within walkable distances, reliance on private transport exacerbated congestion and localized pollution hotspots. Notably, green routes with fewer vehicles recorded substantially lower pollutant levels. These findings underscore the urgent need for policies promoting sustainable commuting—such as walking school buses along cleaner routes and traffic restrictions near schools—to mitigate harmful exposure and protect children’s health.