Integrating Ride-Hailing with Public Transport in Jakarta, Indonesia: Drivers' Perspectives on Challenges, Efficiency, and Policy Solution

Abstract

Integrating ride-hailing (RH) services with public transport is crucial for improving multimodal mobility in Jakarta, yet driver perspectives remain underexplored. This study investigates how RH drivers perceive integration efforts, operational challenges near public transport areas, and preferred improvement strategies. Using survey data from 400 drivers in Jabodetabek and applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis, the study identifies three key mechanisms: formal–functional integration, spatial–operational burdens, and policy-driven improvement priorities. Findings reveal variation in perceptions based on work experience, rush-hour exposure, and travel distance. While some drivers support structured zones and app-based coordination, others prioritise flexibility and income predictability. Policy recommendations emphasise the importance of localised curb management, digital tool enhancements, and inclusive driver consultation. This study contributes to transport planning by positioning drivers as active stakeholders in Jakarta's multimodal integration.