2025 Volume 16 Article ID: PP4196
The rapid expansion of Transport Super Applications (TSAs) has reshaped urban mobility and facility distribution. However, research on how TSAs influence facility distribution, particularly Online Food Merchants (OFMs), remains limited. This study examines the spatial clustering of OFMs in Jakarta, Bandung, and Medan using the Agglomeration Index, comparing them with public facilities as contrafactual. Data was collected through Google Maps scraping and analyzed to measure agglomeration patterns across neighborhoods. Results show significant variations: Jakarta exhibits strong clustering in commercial zones, Bandung has a more balanced distribution, and Medan displays mixed agglomeration levels. The findings highlight the role of digital platforms in shaping urban service ecosystems, affecting travel behavior and economic activities. Understanding these patterns is crucial for urban planning and policy-making to optimize facility distribution and mitigate congestion. This study contributes to discussions on digital disruption, urban agglomeration, and smart city development.
