ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN THE PHARYNGEAL REGION

Abstract

Endoscopic observation of the pharynx should prioritize high-risk patients. Because of complex anatomical structures, such as the tongue and larynx, it is challenging to visualize the entire pharyngeal area in a single view. Therefore, a fixed-point observation method that captures images at predetermined sites during each examination must be employed. The techniques used for observation differ from those for other organs and require methods, such as phonation and the Valsalva maneuver, to thoroughly inspect the mucosal surfaces. Lesions appear similar to that of superficial esophageal cancer and can be diagnosed using image-enhanced endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy.

General anesthesia may cause muscle relaxation during endoscopic treatment, leading to poor visualization. In such cases, devices, such as direct laryngoscopes and mouth gags, are used to secure the endoscopic field. Endoscopic treatments have been developed, with reports of high en bloc resection rates and safety. After endoscopic treatment, surveillance that considers the risk of lymph node metastasis and metachronous cancer is crucial, offering the potential for excellent treatment outcomes.

This article outlines the current state of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of the pharyngeal region.