On Phonetic Equivalents of Some Letters in Runic Character

Abstract

Questions in this paper are:(1) the reason for existence of such three letters in Runic Character as ‹nd›‹ld› and ‹no› so transcribed by V. Thcmsen, and (2) the phontic equivalents of these leters.
‹nd›:(1) No such combinations of letters as ‹n¹d¹› and ‹n²d²› are found at least in the east face of Orkhon Inscrip-tion, (2)‹d› in ‹nd› corresponds in general to [d], but ‹d¹› and ‹d²›, to [d], [t], [j], [z] and [s] in modern turkinsh at dialects.
‹ld›:(1) Noisuch combinations of lettes as ‹l¹d¹› and ‹l²d²› are found at least in the east face of Orkhon Inscription, (2)‹ld› corresponds to [ld] and [ld], but ‹l¹t¹› and ‹l²d²› to [it] and [lt] in modern Turkish dialects.
The phonetic equivalent of ‹d› in ‹nd› and ‹ld› is able to be deduced as a devocalized scund [d], while that of ‹d› in in ‹n¹d¹›, ‹n²d²›, ‹l¹d^d›, ‹l²d²›as a fricative [ð] according to V. Thonsen's btnecly and
, ‹nc›:(1) No such cmbinations of letters as ‹nc› and ‹n²c› are found at least in the eastoface of Orklion Inscription, (2)‹c› in, ‹nc› corresponds to [t∫], [dΣ], [ts], [d], [∫], tion, (2)‹c› in, ‹nc› corresponds to [t∫], [dΣ], [ts], [d], [∫], etc, but ‹c› in ‹jincu› pearl' corresonds to a Chinese, unaspirated lg sound.
The phonetic equivalent of ‹c› in ‹nc› is able tc be deduced, as a voiced sound [dΣ], while that for ‹c› as an unvoiced to [t∫].
The reason for existence of sunch letters as ‹nd›, ‹ld› and ‹nc›, each of which represents two phonetic units is to show the other special sounds than those which ‹d› and ‹nc› do.
It is questionable whether [d]:[ð] and [dΣ]:[t∫] are phonological oppositions.