Fluoride concentration of natural waters and the relating fluorosis in Ancient Palmyra, Syria

Abstract

The ancient city of Palmyra lies on a large oasis located in the center of the Syrian Desert. The skeletal remains uncovered from the underground tombs of Palmyra retain traces of osteoporosis and mottled enamel, implying that ancient people of Palmyra suffered fluorosis. Using chemical analysis data of the 13 natural waters available today in this area, the concentration of F^- ions contained in the drinking water, used by the ancient people of Palmyra who suffered fluorosis, were estimated to be 3 ppm on the basis of chemical equilibrium calculation relating to the fluorite dissolution. The analytical data on the F^- concentration of teeth of the ancient people of Palmyra will also be discussed.