A Review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Mpox: The role of One Health

Abstract

Human monkeypox (Mpox) is an emerging zoonotic disease. Its clinical features are similar to but less severe than those of smallpox. The etiology of this disease is the monkeypox virus. This virus is a double-stranded DNA virus that is classified into the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970 and mainly occurred in Central and Western Africa. In 2022, outbreaks of Mpox virus infection occurred in several non-endemic countries and caused a potential threat to humans. It is urgent to take immediate action to control and prevent the outbreak of the Mpox virus infection. This paper summarizes the current status of Mpox and generated strategies for managing the Mpox epidemic. Although progress in the diagnostic methods and treatment of Mpox produces better knowledge, we argue that the sensitive surveillance for animal and human Mpox virus infection and evidence-based response and management of Mpox outbreaks is critical. This study highlights the need for further research on preventive and control strategies for Mpox disease approached through the One Health concept.