Abstract
This paper first reviews the project & program management (P2M) concept and then argues that it is necessary to introduce a design theory if we are to manage projects in a way that helps to develop a sustainable social system. Broadly, there can be two types of project that require such management: agile development projects, which are executed while anticipating how customers will use the developed product, and social system development projects, in which the perception of value held by stakeholders varies widely. An agile development project uses three P2M models. It uses a scheme model to set the overall target. It then uses trial-and-error interactions between a system model and a service model to seek to increase the value for users, so taking a human-centric design approach. In a social system development project, stakeholders agree on a scenario using a scheme model, and the scenario is then modified as necessary as the project advances. It is important to provide a forum for communication among stakeholders when deciding how to modify the scenario by striking a balance between a system model and a service model. Forum is either a real or a virtual space where collaborative work for executing a program is carried out. It is proposed that a decision-making chart for projects that involve people with different perceptions of what constitutes ‘value’ is used in the forum. This paper also discusses how the advances in the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) affect management work.
