Stackelberg Solutions to Noncooperative Two-level Nonlinear Programming Problems through Particle Swarm Optimization(<Special Issue>Information Systems and Human Sciences)

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on two-level nonlinear programming problems with no coordination between the decision maker at the upper level (the leader) and the decision maker at the lower level (the follower), and propose a computational method through particle swarm optimization (PSO) for obtaining Stackelberg solutions to two-level nonlinear programming problems. Furthermore, we carry out numerical experiments in order to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with existing methods.