Spatial Multi-Criterion Analysis (SMCA) to Determine the Suitability of Green Open Space (GOS) at Kalurahan Wonokromo, Special Region of Yogyakarta

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and growth in the Kalurahan Wonokromo, situated in the peri-urban area of Yogyakarta City causes the loss of children's playgrounds while the number of children is increasing. Preserving the remaining space for Green Open Space (GOS) is crucial. Amid the space limit, choosing the right location is one of the keys to ensuring the space functions optimally. We employ the Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA) in selecting several location candidates for the development of GOS using 9 criteria of tree cover, existing open green space, ricefield, social facilities, accessibility, distance to school, presence of small shop, children density, and the riverbank. The SMCA analysis is powered by Analytical Hierarchical Process using expert judgment combined with GIS analysis to yield the weight priority and score for each criterion. As the result, the score for each criterion is 0.3218 for existing open green space, 0.1616 for social facilities 0.1446 for small shops, 0.1265 for roads or accessibility, 0.085 for vegetation, 0.0504 for distance to school, 0.0499 for the riverbank, 0.0367 for the children density, 0.0234 for the ricefield. We obtain 9 candidates for the GOS. The Kalurahan Wonokromo has also planned to build and rehabilitate the open space but needs to acknowledge the needs for GOS from gated communities and pesantren communities as the different types of communities with a different kind of GOS.

Introduction

With its roaring economic and infrastructure development, many regions in Indonesia undergo rapid development due to constant urbanization, affecting the demographic characteristics. This phenomenon causes population growth in the outskirt area where newcomers with their families come along to seek a settlement, increasing numbers of children. The outskirt of the greater urban area fascinates newcomers because of the accessibility and the distance from the center of the city. Environmental quality with less air pollution than the center of the city and the greener space also make this particular area comfortable to be settled in.

The addition of children creates more demands for the infrastructures, facilities, and spaces, especially the open green spaces. All of those are very critical for children to socialize and grow healthily (Aji, Budiyanti, & Djaja, 2016; Richardson et al., 2017). The green and open spaces also enable children to engage with nature and ensure they obtain a good quality environment (Herlina & Nadiroh, 2018). The recent development of the public space brings inclusivity issues. Therefore, in very dense urban areas such as Jakarta or Bandung, the green spaces are integrated with the child-friendly zone hence yielding a child-friendly public space. In the context of the urban area, a child-friendly public space signifies the resilience of a city and plays an important role in the child-friendly city (Rosyidin, Giyanti, & Dahlia, 2017; Yuniastuti & Hasibuan 2019).

Previous studies suggest that children are attracted to the public activity center (Liu et al., 2020) and their movement is limited within the reachable distance by cycling or walking although, boosted by their exploring sense, they are keen to visit a new place (Babb et al., 2017). For their motivation, children travel for pleasure, to socialize, or to do commercial activities and the motivation differs by gender (Westman et al., 2013; Chambers et al., 2017). Children have a reciprocal relationship with their place of gathering where they perceive the place from a certain perspective (Arlinkasari et al., 2020). Further, to be friendly, an open space must fulfill these principles according to UNICEF’s guideline for Children Friendly Space (CSF). CSF must assure the safety of children. CSF also must be assembled within the capability of the neighborhood and based on the participatory effort and can be accessed by all of the members of the community (UNICEF, 2009).

The location of the space for children holds a fundamental role to ensure children would come and use this location for their playground. Gathering the children in a location will minimize the risk of them playing on the main road and ease the parents to monitor their children. A dedicated child-friendly open space also enables the local government to modify or build the required facilities for the children. Therefore, this location must satisfy several criteria. Even though, naturally, children independently choose their place to gather and play considering several factors which make them convenient to play and do the activity (Sharmin & Kamruzzaman, 2017).

The urgency toward green and open public space within the community dramatically escalate in the Covid-19 pandemic area. Mobility restriction curbs children at home leading to a lack of social interaction. School at home also burdens the children and puts more pressure on and affects their well-beingness (Cusinato et al., 2020; Spinelli et al., 2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic also alters the public perspectives on choosing a relaxing spot in the neighborhood (Bayrsaikhan et al., 2021)

These demands face huge challenges in many outer city areas amid massive infrastructure development where the open spaces are closed to be privatized (Winandari, Wijayanto, & Jefri, 2019), a land conversion that diminishes the green space (Anyakora et al., 2017), and population density (Dewi, Rakhmatulloh, & Amadea, 2020). Also, local government commitment to preserving is frequently low, neglecting the fact that children's appeal for space also becomes an obstacle. Problems emerge as children who desperately try to find spaces, occupy inappropriate locations to play around: on the banks of a river or the main road; sacrificing their safety and others. Overcoming those challenges requires a firm commitment to preserving the remaining open space. For the initial steps, determining a suitable location for the child-friendly public space is critical.

According to that background, we raise a concern on: (1) how to pick the most appropriate location for the GOS (2) where is it in the study area (3) how is the issue and planning strategy for the GOS at Kalurahan Wonokromo. It is essential to include both the pushing or pulling factors or the supply-demand side of the children. We expect this study could provide a basis for mainstreaming the importance of children's public space, especially in the rapidly growing peri-urban area such as Kalurahan Wonokromo, and could be replicated for another similar area in Yogyakarta City or Indonesia.

Study Area

We conduct this study in the Kalurahan Wonokromo (Wonokromo Village). Administratively, Kalurahan Wonokromo is one of the villages in Pleret District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta and covers a 4,34 km2 area divided into 12 sub-villages. Kalurahan Wonokromo is regarded to be an appropriate place to be observed because of its location and development. Regarding the children and open space topic, this village has many Islamic boarding schools known as ‘pesantren”. These pesantren attract many children and a juvenile from the near region and combined with the resident’s children, Kalurahan Wonokromo has a huge amount of children. There was a constantly increasing number for 4 years, jumping from 3580 children in 2014 to 3835 children in 2018 (BPS, 2019) from a total population of 14.598 or roughly 27% of its population children.

With just 15 kilometers distance from the center of Bantul and about 10 kilometers from Yogyakarta City, Kalurahan Wonokromo has a high number of the center of activities including economic, tourism, to social and religious sectors with many open spaces such as riverbanks, yards, and paddy field. All of those centers of activities and open spaces act as an attractor for the children offering a lot of options for the children to travel and play. The location of the research location could be seen in Figure 1.

Method

The study of green space requires a Geographic Information System as the backbone of the spatiality aspect of the green space. The previous studies employed GIS to visualize and acquire descriptions of how the open and green space has a certain relationship and influences the children including their physical activities (Wridt, 2010; Smith, 2021). Regarding the green space, GIS is also fruitful to assess the quality of green space and people's perception (Stessens et al., 2020), accessibility (Gupta et al., 2016), ecosystem services from the green space (Stessens et al., 2017), and the value of the green space (Noor, Asmawi, & Abdullah, 2015).

Data Collection

We collect the data using surveys and observation. Because we need to cover both supply-demand sides, we observed the existing children playing location as the demand and plotted the coordinates using GPS. We also conducted brief interviews with the children we met to grasp their perception of their current playground and their visiting frequency toward that location. For this data, we interviewed 371 children ranging from 5 to 14 years old in 53 playing spots. On the supply side, we check the center of activities consisting of the economical sector (small and large shops), religious (mosques), social and educational (schools and public buildings), plotted and categorized them. All of the data in the field survey was acquired using accidental sampling where we remarked the data we found arbitrarily in the field survey because of the randomness of children gathering location. The primary data of the tree cover is obtained from the Sentinel-2A image.

Figure 1. Kalurahan Wonokromo is located at the outskirt of the Yogyakarta Agglomeration Area

The secondary data, we obtain from literature and previous studies. General data such as demographic data can be taken from Statistical Agency and Local Government data. Spatial and cartographical data were downloaded from the Ina-Geoportal which provides Basic Geospatial Information including land use, settlement, river or canal, and road then we updated the data using Open Street Map and Google Earth.

We also interviewed the head of the village and the representatives from the family and parental section in the local government. These interviews provide information in knowing how is the planning for the children-friendly space at Kalurahan Wonokromo. The interviews were done using semi-structural.

Data Analysis

For the data analysis, we apply the spatial analysis powered by Geographic Information System and cartography tools processed with ArcGIS 10.3. Results from the spatial analysis are then integrated with the information we have from the interview. This creates a continuous process from the existing condition, perception, or desire from authority and community, to planning and expectation. The spatial analysis we administer consists of Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA).

Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA)

SMCA is a common GIS-based method for spatial planning and is applied to single out the most suitable spot or location for a certain purpose. This method can be used for multi-sector applications including the health sector (Widayani & Yuliantari, 2017), industry (Wibowo & Semedi, 2011), or public services (Kurniadhini & Roychansyah, 2020a). The SMCA process in this paper consists of (1) determining the criteria, (2), creating criteria connectivities, (3) calculating the weight of using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), (4) choosing the most suitable location by calculating the value of the criteria with the weight.

Selecting the Criteria for SMCA

The initial step in the SMCA process is to determine the criteria for the SMCA. The criteria could be taken from the study objectives, location context, and the previous study (Yuliantari, Hafsari, & Prima, 2018). Because our study object is the open space for children, we address the elements of settlement to signify the children’s house, distance from school, tree covers, accessibility, distance to the social activity center, riverbanks, and tourism sites as the main criteria which influence the suitability of the open space for children. We process each criterion based on the types of data. For the point type, which consists of the school, small shop, and social facilities, we expand the location using euclidean distance to create a 500 meters buffer zone (Chambers et al., 2017)., Kurniadhini & Roychansyah, 2020b). The same process of the buffer zone is applied to the line type of accessibility which is represented by the roads. As a variable, we only accounted for the distance to the road without the traffic condition due to the lack of data and traffic counting. However, the safety issues that stem from the traffic condition will be addressed in the result and discussion section.

Vegetation density is derived using Normalized Density Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Sentinel-2A image, showing the tree cover in the Kalurahan Wonokromo. The demand for open space for children comes from the children's density in the certain sub-village and we calculate the density by dividing the number of children in the sub-villages by the total area of the sub-villages.

The criteria we choose are related to the children and their space aspects. Schools, small shops, and social facilities are the most common public space where children will gather. School is obligatory for the children and functions as a place for children to socialize. Small shops are the spot for children to buy things such as snacks and beverages and the social facilities are another place for children to gather as they must pray when it’s time and follow their parents in the community activities.

Table 1. Criteria for the SMCA and AHP Analysis

Criterion	Ref.
Open green space	Yuniastuti & Hasibuan, 2019; Cahyani, Edel, et al., 2019
Vegetation	Mancuso, Rizzitelli, & Azzarello, 2006
Riverbanks	Darjosanjoto & Nugroho, 2015; Prathama & Ellisa 2020
Roads (accessibility)	Aji, Budiyanti, & Djaja, 2016, Dewi, Rakhmatulloh, & Amadea, 2020
Ricefield	Saragih & Tedja, 2017; Qin, Nakamura et al., 2019
Small shop	Liu et al., 2020; Prakoso, 2018
Social facilities	Jaffar, Harun, & Abdullah, 2020
Density	Dewi, Rakhmatulloh, & Amadea, 2020
School	Bi & Zhang, 2016; Qin, Nakamura et al., 2019; Lee, 2020

Table 2. Data used in this research

Data	Collection Method
Existing children gathering location	Field survey
Location of schools
Location of small shops
The green open space area
Center of social activities locations
Numbers of children
Land ownership	Downloaded from Ina-geoportal
Roads
Land use
Local spatial planning	Interview
Local government perspectives

Figure 2. AHP Selection Criterion Tree

Vegetations and green space cause comfort for children to do their activities. They are also very fruitful for the health of the children as they provide fresh air and protect the children from direct exposure to sunlight. The vegetation and green space in the Kalurahan Wonokromo comprises of ricefield, a private yard, cemetery, and each of them is separated to be analyzed as a different criterion. Riverbanks also influence the children's place to gather with the consideration of the hazard and the attracting factor. Children are frequently drowning in the riverbanks or the water body hence it could be regarded to be dangerous for children to play around near the river. However, the river also offers challenges and space for children to play (Prathama & Ellisa, 2020). The criteria can be seen in Table 1. The data used for calculating each criterion in this research could be seen in Table 2.

For the second step, the criteria relation is built to obtain a figure on how each determining criterion is connected. This criteria tree comprises a multi-level structure for the component in the SMCA analysis and helps in the AHP calculation process. The criteria tree is also a crucial resource in the Decision Supporting System (DSS) by focusing on the objectives of the study and formulating the strategy or intervention toward the selected criteria (Misran, Roslin, & Nur, 2020). The AHP flowchart can be seen in Figure 2.

Weighing Criteria

We use the subjective approach to estimate the weight of the criteria of expert judgment. For this process, we request several professionals whose expertise is in the field of children, landscape architecture, and green open space. The expert judgment tends to be subjective therefore it is important to ensure the consistency of the expert judgment (Benítez et al., 2011). Weighing criteria reflects the priority of certain criteria compared with other criteria (Eastman, 1999). The priority is gained by giving a score on a scale of 1-9 depending on the importance of each criterion in the comparison and then running it into the weighing pairwise matrix (Saaty, 2008).

From the pairwise matrix, we extract the eigenvalue for each parameter and examine the consistency of the value (Franek & Kresta, 2014; Muslim, Riansa, & Komarudin, 2017). Consistency of the matrix begins by calculation of the λ_max and continues by determining the Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR). The matrix is consistent if the CR is below 0.1. CI value comes from λ_max with the calculation following this equation (1).

$CI=\left({\lambda }_{max}–n\right)/\left(n–1\right)$ (1)

And the CR is calculated by the following Equation (2)

$CR=CI/RI$ (2)

Where n is the number of criteria and the RI is the random index. RI depends on the size of the matrix and can be seen in Table 3 below.

Table 3. value of the RI on different matrix sizes

N	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
RI	0	0	0.52	0.89	1.11	1.25	1.35	1.4	1.45	1.49

Choosing the Suitability

After converting all of the criteria into raster, we calculate the value of each pixel in the raster using the Raster Calculator feature in ArcGIS. To maintain the scale, all of the pixel size in the raster is made into a 10 x 10 m size. We then divide the suitability into 5 classes of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low using the classification equation. The calculation in determining the location priority for the child-friendly open green space is done by weighing the AHP result into normalized scoring on the criteria with the following equation 3.

Figure 3. Analysis Flow Chart

$S={\sum }_{}^{}{w}_i{x}_i$ (3)

W_i is the weighted criteria and the x_i is the normalized score on each criterion. Afterward, we check and observe the condition of the location on the suitability maps to obtain the real condition. The flow of this study could be seen in Figure 3.

Results and Discussions

Analysis of Criteria

We use 9 variables for the crucial criteria on the children's open space location. Each criterion is processed and normalized in the range of 0-1 based on the spatial characteristic, resulting in a score for each criterion to be weighted. With the GIS tool, we visualize every variable, as can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Scoring and Maps for Each Criterion; (a) small shop euclidean distance, (b) ricefield, (c) existing open green space, (d) euclidean distance to school, (e) children density, (f) NDVI, (g) social facilities, (h) riverbank, (i), roads

Figure 4 shows us the maps for each criterion from the AHP process in Figure 3 we used to predict the most suitable location for child-friendly open space. We plot about 91 small shops which are mostly distributed aligned with the main road as seen in Figure 4 (a). The main road of Imogiri Barat (West Imogiri) Road is the main road that connects the southern part of Bantul Regency with Yogyakarta City and is highly used by the commuter. With the high load on this road, small shops grow to respond to the demand from the road user. The high load of the Imogiri Barat as the main road acts as a double-side. On one side, it helps the children to easily reach the open space while at the same time threatening the children's safety from a road accident. To resolve the safety issue, a proper safety facility and infrastructure must be constructed and equipped with sufficient signage to highly ensure the children's safety from the danger of the road. A similar pattern occurs in the distribution of social facilities where it is aggregated to the center of the Kalurahan Wonokromo as we identified 76 social facilities. Another criterion we plot is the location of the school where we found and plotted about 20 schools varying from preschool to Middle High School Figure 4(d) visualizes the Euclidean distance.

Rapid growth and the dense building in the center part of the Kalurahan Wonokromo shift the ricefield into the peripheral area. There is approximately 197 ha of ricefield in the Kalurahan Wonokromo. As can be seen in Figure 4(b), ricefield is accumulated in the western part of the Kalurahan Wonokromo with some of them occupying the northeastern part of the village, resulting in the southeastern part being the center of the settlement. It causes the children's density on the Kalurahan Wonokromo to be high in the South-Eastern part of Jejeran 1 and Jejeran II sub-village as shown in Figure 4(e).

We identify the available green open space in the Kalurahan Wonokromo mainly consisting of a private yard, sports field, and cemetery. However, the vegetation density from NDVI follows the riverbank as the area in the center shows greener color than the surrounding. The green open space in the northern part also has greener color in the NDVI maps, which indicates the denser vegetation. The riverbank in Kalurahan Wonokromo is aligned north-south. Three main rivers flow through the Kalurahan Wonokromo the first one is located in the western part, the other is in the middle and the last is in the eastern part.

Weight of the Criteria

The weight of the criteria is calculated using a pairwise table comparison. Each criterion is compared to the others according to its importance related to the Child-Friendly Open Space. The result can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Weights of Each criterion

Variables	Pairwise									Eigen Value	Weights
	Open space	Small shop	Social facilities	Access	Vegetation	River-bank	School	Children density	Rice-field
Open space	1.00	7.33	5.00	4.33	3.67	4.33	4.67	4.00	3.00	3.73	0.3218
Small shop	0.14	1.00	2.67	3.00	2.33	2.00	2.33	2.67	3.33	1.68	0.1446
Social facilities	0.20	0.38	1.00	4.67	3.00	4.67	3.67	3.00	5.33	1.88	0.1616
Access	0.23	0.33	0.21	1.00	3.33	5.33	3.67	4.67	6.33	1.47	0.1265
Vegetation	0.27	0.43	0.33	0.30	1.00	1.00	4.00	3.33	5.67	0.99	0.0850
Riverbank	0.23	0.50	0.21	0.19	0.21	1.00	1.33	1.67	3.33	0.58	0.0499
School	0.21	0.43	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.25	1.00	4.33	4.00	0.59	0.0504
Children density	0.25	0.38	0.33	0.21	0.33	0.30	0.23	1.00	3.00	0.43	0.0367
Ricefield	0.33	0.30	0.19	0.16	0.19	0.18	0.25	0.33	1.00	0.27	0.0234
Sum	2.87	11.07	10.22	14.13	14.34	19.06	21.15	25.00	35.00	11.61
λmax	9.380
CI	0.048
CR	0.033

From Table 4 it can be seen that the most important criteria for the location of child-friendly open space are the open green space with a weight of 0.3218 followed by the social facilities such as mosques or community halls with a weight of 0.1616. The small shop or economical facilities has the weight of 0.1446 and then respectively entailed by accessibility (0.1265), vegetation (0.085), distance to school (0.0504), distance to the riverbank (0.0499), the children density (0.0367), and presence of ricefield (0.0234).

The open green space is acknowledged to be the main criterion for the suitability of the children's open space because this area offers space and adequate tree cover to support the children's activity and comfort. The social facilities criterion also has a high value due to its role to support interaction and is estimated to be more important than small shops because it doesn’t involve economic or shopping activities. For several parents, highly frequent small transactions by their children in small shops such as snacking (or jajan in local terminology) are considered a waste of money. From the pairwise matrix, it is also known that the accessibility or the distance from the road is essential to ensure that the open public space can be reached easily.

Ricefield gets the lowest score. After all, it is not considered to be the right place for the children to play because it is filled with paddy plants and children could damage the crop if they play in the ricefield. Further, without tree cover, this area is not comfortable to be a playing field. School also holds low scores because it is expected that children directly go home after school time to rest and refresh themselves. However, the open green space has a weak relationship with the school because this area holds more extracurricular activities. Regarding the open green space consideration, the open green space for children also addresses the vegetation density which has a higher score than the riverbank area.

The weight and the pairwise matrix must fulfill the consistency and could be known from the Consistency Index and the Consistency Ratio. We obtain the value of λ_max from the sum of the pairwise matrix column with the Eigenvalue and yield 9.380. Afterward, the CI is calculated using Equation (1) and we have the CI value of 0.048 and by dividing it by the RI value for n = 9 of which the RI value is 1.45, we have the CR value at 0.033. Because the value of the CR is < 0.1 then the pairwise matrix is consistent.

Data Analysis

After determining the most suitable location for the child-friendly open green space, we proceed to evaluate the suitability using policy and local political framework. This includes the ownership of the area and the authorities' perception of the child-friendly zones.

Suitability Maps

Suitability of the location could be determined using scoring and weighing through the AHP process and also known as Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (Mohamed, 2020; Amjad et al., 2021; Brzoska, Grunewald, & Bastian 2021). SMCA is convenient and could be employed in many aspects and studies by replacing the criteria for each context or case. In this study, we choose the relevant criteria for the suitability of Green Open Space in Kalurahan Wonokromo. Through the GIS process, we obtain several suitable locations, as can be seen in the map in Figure 5.

From the pairwise matrix, we know that the existing open green space mmholds the biggest score and becomes the main consideration. Therefore, determining the most suitable location for child-friendly open green space is primarily contingent on the open green space. From the sub-village administrative border and deeming the centrality of location, we propose several locations of child-friendly open green space. Nevertheless, in existing condition, the preferred locations are mostly still empty field although it is situated near another public facility. In developing the spots into GOS, several considerations including the safety and security of the children must be strictly addressed by providing sufficient infrastructures such as lighting, signage, and guard.

Table 5. Description of Each Spot

Spots	Approximate Area Size (m2)	Approximate Number of Children(m2)	Description of Advantages and Disadvantages
A	908	296	Lack of tree covers, covered with bushes. Circled by bricks gate and shows derelict.
B	2,386	778	Belongs to Kalurahan Wonokromo authority, is close to the mosque, and is used as a football field. The area is large and easy to access.
C	1,902	620	Covered with bushes, access is relatively difficult because located in the small alley
D	5,746	1,874	Used to be planted with crops such as banana and cassava
E	11,910	3,885	Situated on the main road of Imogiri Barat Road, easy to access and covered with bushes, lacks tree cover
F	2,753	898	Shady with tree covers, used to plant crops vegetations such as banana and cassava
G	1,694	553	Covered with bushes, access is difficult because it is located in the small alley
H	2,433	794	Lack of tree cover, access is easy because located on the big road, easy to be prepared for open green space
I	5,226	1,705	Shady with bamboo vegetation, access is difficult but spacy

We conduct ground checks to see the existing or real conditions in the field. We purposely select 9 spots considering the centrality of the location as shown in the map in Figure 5. As a result, several areas lack tree cover, and only three spots of spots D, F, and I support sufficient tree covers. The rest of the spots are filled with bushes and shrubs or with crops. Many of these spots belong to the private owner with one of the spots owned by the village authority is the Spot B. Two spots, A and E are located on the main road, raising concern about children's safety from the traffic. We also consider the size and the maximum capacity of the children. Using the minimum space of 3 m² from the CFOC standard (CFOC, 2022) for minimum space for children, we put the numbers into Table 5. The detail and description of each spot can be seen in Table 5.

Figure 5. The Suitability Maps and Existing Condition

Policy and Planning Issue: The Community

The head of the Kalurahan Wonokromo stresses that children are a fundamental aspect of human resources. It is very important to manage the children for the long-term development of the Kalurahan Wonokromo. Protecting the children can be started by providing sufficient space for children to play and interact with each other. Moreover, the geographical setting of Kalurahan Wonokromo which is passed through several main roads causes many juvenile mischiefs and in some cases tends to be criminal. In the planning document, the village authority wants to construct a multi-function building in the center of the village where the children could do their activities along with the economical and educational center. This is expected to be a breakthrough program to overcome children and juvenile problems. Therefore, the suitability of the location could support this program and helps to achieve the desire.

The realization of this objective is stated in the Village’s Mid-Term Development Planning Document (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Kalurahan). This document is the primary development guideline for villages in Indonesia and addresses several sectors such as governance, disaster mitigation, infrastructure, to cultural aspects in a certain village. It also contains programs to execute the policies consented to by the residents of the village. For the children issue, the village authority plans to rehabilitate gardens and spaces for children in 2022. This program is also related to Indonesia’s rural’s SDGs number 9 of “Innovation and Rural Infrastructure”

Kalurahan Wonokromo also faces ownership issues in managing the public space for children. Space and land for development are very few with the high value of the land as the consequence of sharp increasing demand. Also, because it is situated in the peri-urban area, many clustered housings or gated communities are built to meet the demand of the people who work in Yogyakarta City. The gated community is an exclusive neighborhood with bold and physical boundaries (Roitman, 2009; Aulia & Suryani, 2020). Often this neighborhood owns its body of authority and is separated from the village governance for daily lives including its public and open space. The open space in the gated community is designed only for the inhabitants inside the community (Nasution & Zahrah, 2015). The emergence of this type of neighborhood leads to a bolder social gap and discrepancy between the neighborhood and inhibits children from mingling with one another.

Kalurahan Wonokromo is also home to 29 Pondok Pesantren, Islamic boarding schools, and they attract many children and juveniles from all over the country to be the students of the pesantren or santri. These santris also need open space for their activities which is provided by the pesantren’s board inside the pesantren building. Open green space for the santri is commonly used for the football field and is based on the gender of the santri because the pesantren for male and female is different (Karsten, 2003). Children and juvenile inhabitant, although they are excluded by design so they could focus on their religious education, needs open green space sometimes and should socialize with the children from their neighborhood.

To deal with these issues, the village authority plans to create a common space and intensify the collaboration with the pesantren and the gated community board. Child-friendly open green space is crucial to building and educating children the inclusivity and building social skills. Therefore, it is imperative to create a common space for every child, particularly at the Kalurahan Wonokromo. In addition, regarding age, there is no place preference difference among children of different ages. However, the facilities within the space need to follow their activity accordingly, for example, a library for above 6 years old and a playground for the below.

Conclusion

Using AHP, our study shows that from the 9 criteria we use to study the suitability of the GOS, the existing open green space is the most important consideration followed by the presence of social facilities and small shops as the attractive factor. We develop the result from AHP using SMCA to visualize the suitability map of the CFGOS at Kalurahan Wonokromo. Kalurahan Wonokromo also has 9 spots with high suitability but in derelict condition, used for crops vegetation, and lacks tree covers. It is important to prepare those spaces to be CFGOS.

The demography of Kalurahan Wonokromo with many pesantrens and gated community also needs to be addressed to ensure the openness and inclusivity of the CFGOS hence the children from the gated community and pesantren could join and play together with other children in the neighborhood. The Kalurahan Wonokromo has begun to plan collaboration and coordination to execute that plan with the board of pesantren and the gated community.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.P. and H.R.; methodology, R.A.G. and J.P.; software, H.R. and R.A.G.; investigation, A.K., R.R., D.W., A.R. and E.S.; resources, E.S.; data curation, J.P., M.I.S; writing—original draft preparation, H.R. and R.A.G.; writing—review and editing, J.P.; supervision, A.K., R.R., D.W., and A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Ethics Declaration

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Village Authorities for their support in field survey and valuable data. Authors also thank the people of Kalurahan Wonokromo and the supporting field team for their support and guidance.

Funding Statement

This research is funded by a Laboratory Cluster Grant from the Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2021 based on Keputusan Dekan Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada Nomor: 1532.2/UN1/FGE/KPT/SETD/2021 (Decree of Dean of Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah Mada Number 1532.2/UN1/FGE/KPT/SETD/2021)

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