Exploring Sustainable Diets as a Climate Mitigation Strategy：

An Integrated Bibliometric Analysis and Thematic Literature Review

Abstract

Sustainable diets are food patterns that can be practised as a climate mitigation strategy. Using a bibliometric approach, a sample of 133 papers was selected from 1239 identified articles on “Sustainable diets” and “Climate change” or “climate” or “mitigation” as the query from the Scopus database. The articles were examined to identify the growth and characteristics of this body of knowledge. The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel for frequency analysis, VOSviewer for the visualisation of data, and Harzing’s Publish or Perish for citation metrics analysis. The first publication was in 2009, and the number of publications increased rapidly after that. Eighty-five percent of the publications appeared between 2019 and 2023. The United States was the highest contributor of publications, followed by the United Kingdom. The most common keyword used was sustainable diets, and the most prevalent theme was “climate change.” We conducted a thematic literature review by analysing the clusters of keywords listed by the VOSviewer. Based on the pentagram sustainability model, we identified four emergent themes: “environmental dimension of sustainability in dietary choices for climate mitigation”, “economic aspect of adopting a sustainable diet”, “policy pathways for climate mitigation through sustainable diet promotion”, and “the social dynamics in promoting sustainable diet”. The cultural dimension of sustainability was found to be still lacking in studies involving sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy. The findings suggest future studies should recognise the cultural underpinnings of promoting a sustainable diet as a climate mitigation strategy.

Introduction

Recently, global scholars have focused on investigating methods to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as these emissions lead to climate change, which has a wide variety of deleterious effects. Several climate mitigation strategies have been utilised, such as green technologies and renewable energies (Susskind, Chun et al., 2020; United-Nations-Environment-Programme, 2020), besides practising a low-carbon lifestyle (Eker, Garcia et al., 2021). Practising low-carbon consumption drives sustainability (Cheng, Yang et al., 2022). Three pillars of sustainability usually focused on in the literature are economic, environmental, and social. Social sustainability creates healthy and livable communities for future generations (Wang, Y., 2014). bin Saleh, bin Ghazali et al. (2023), in their study, comprehensively focused on six aspects of sustainability, including government, cultural heritage, and community roles.

The community’s role in shifting their lifestyles from unsustainable to sustainable is an important aspect of achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous studies revealed that behavioural changes in consumption can play a role in decreasing GHGs. Some scholars have stressed mitigation measures that need to be taken in line with sustainable development (de Boer and Aiking, 2021; Dorr, François et al., 2022; Rogelj, Shindell et al., 2018). Behaviours, such as sustainable consumption, can contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction (Macassa, 2021).

Kumar, Santara et al. (2020) have proposed a pentagram sustainability model with five dimensions of sustainability, which are environmental, economic, social, institutional, and cultural. These sustainability dimensions are conceived as part of the sustainable consumption concept. Reducing household consumption, including the consumption of food, plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of climate change (Aleksandrowicz, Green et al., 2019; Hadjikakou, 2017; Reynolds, Horgan et al., 2019). Specifically, the climate impact of food is measured by assessing the GHGs associated with food production and consumption. For instance, Dubois, Sovacool et al. (2019) claimed that behavioural mitigation by individuals, including dietary choices, could reduce GHGs.

Sustainable diets are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as “diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and healthy life for present and future generations” (Burlingame, Charrondiere et al., 2012). Sustainable diets should be protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair, and affordable, as well as nutritionally adequate, safe, and healthy while optimising natural and human resources (Gold and McBurney, 2010). The four focuses of sustainable diets are the environment, public health, food affordability, and culture (Drewnowski, 2017; Drewnowski and Team, 2018; Miller, Eckberg et al., 2021). For instance, several studies suggested that shifting from an unsustainable diet to a sustainable diet might put less pressure on the environment in terms of reducing carbon footprints and, at the same time mitigating the likelihood of non-communicable diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (Nagai, Kosaka et al., 2022) and obesity (Magkos, Tetens et al., 2020).

Several micro-level literature reviews on sustainable diets are available, such as the review by Brunin, Pointereau et al. (2022) on healthier and sustainable dietary changes, the review by Lonnie and Johnstone (2020) on advocating plant-based protein as a sustainable and health-conscious dietary choice, the review by Meyer, Reguant-Closa et al. (2020) on sustainable diets for athletes, and the review by Bastian, Buro et al. (2021). All of these studies provide insights into incorporating evidence-based, sustainable diet information into nutrition education. Additionally, several macro-level reviews related to sustainable food production have been carried out. Agnusdei and Coluccia (2022) conducted bibliometric, network, and content analyses on sustainable agrifood supply chains. In addition, a bibliometric review was also conducted by El Bilali, Strassner et al. (2021) on sustainable agrifood systems, focusing on the environment, economy, society, and policy, and a bibliometric study on agrifood supply chain management by Barbosa (2021). A macro-level review of sustainable diet bibliometric analysis has been carried out by Gialeli, Troumbis et al. (2023) to identify the trends in sustainable diet studies during recent years. However, the particular study done by Gialeli, Troumbis et al. (2023) appears as a global overview and does not focus on the potential for practising a sustainable diet from the climate change mitigation perspective. Thus, an integrated bibliometric analysis and thematic literature review of sustainable diet as a climate change mitigation strategy is needed to enhance the literature.

The number of studies on sustainable diets suggests that global scholars view dietary change as an essential climate mitigation strategy. However, there has been an imbalanced geographic distribution of this research (Alhothali, Almoraie et al., 2021). Therefore, in specific regions of the globe, there is an urgent need to raise the profile of diet change as a strategy for climate mitigation. Furthermore, a need exists to explore sustainable diets from different developing countries’ perspectives, such as food affordability and culture. Additionally, there is a need to promote more research to elucidate the various perspectives relevant to inclusive efforts promoting sustainable diets.

Moreover, according to Smith, Wells et al. (2022), the educational programs in all 11 countries they examined primarily emphasise cooking and health-related subjects, with considerably less attention given to social-cultural aspects and sustainability concerns. This article aims to provide support for scholars with a comprehensive investigation of the growth of sustainable diet research from a global perspective. It comprehensively reviews and classifies the literature into various themes stressed by the authors in sustainable diet studies as a climate mitigation strategy. The study reported here addressed four research questions as follows.

1. What are current trends in research publications on sustainable diets as a climate change mitigation strategy?

2. Which are the most productive countries and authors on climate change mitigation through sustainable diets?

3. What are the most prevalent themes in sustainable diet as climate mitigation strategy research?

4. Which sustainability dimension of sustainable diet research needs to be focused on in future studies?

Research Method

This paper integrates bibliometric methods and a thematic literature review to comprehensively study the climate mitigation strategy in practising a sustainable diet. Recently, bibliometric methods have been widely used to investigate trends in scientific publications (Leal Filho, Sima et al., 2021). A bibliometric analysis is a systematic literature review using statistical methods (Nordin, Khatibi et al., 2024). The present study used bibliometric analysis to understand the landscape of research on sustainable diets and the commonly used keywords to identify themes regarding sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy.

The Scopus database was employed since it is compatible with other tools used in the bibliometric analysis (Grazieschi, Asdrubali et al., 2020). Scopus is an established academic database that currently contains more than 26,000 active titles, 7,000 publishers, more than 249 thousand books, 94,800 institutional profiles, 17.6 million author profiles, 84 million documents, and 1.8 billion cited references covering more than 240 disciplines. Scopus is reputed to be an extensive database that can provide an inclusive overview of research output (Mansour, Ahmi et al., 2022).

A bibliometric analysis was executed via the Scopus database in October 2023. The keyword used for the search was “sustainable diets”. A total of 1239 documents emerged. The literature search process comprised three phases: the first phase involved identifying article sources, the second phase entailed screening and exclusion, and finally, the third phase involved recognising and reporting the findings. Figure 1 illustrates the steps followed in this systematic literature search.

The identified documents underwent screening procedures to remove irrelevant databases. Table 1 shows the exclusion criteria. Papers which were irrelevant to environmental science, agricultural and biological science, and social science subject areas were excluded. Non-indexed journals, books, book chapters, review articles and conference proceedings were also excluded. Only papers written in the English language were included. In the last part of the screening procedures, the publications whose title, abstract, or keywords did not follow the query were also excluded from the search result. Based on these inclusion procedures, 133 documents were included and analysed using bibliometrics analysis to identify the pattern of publications and thoroughly reviewed manually to identify their themes.

Microsoft Excel 2019 was used to construct tables and relevant graphs. VOSviewer (version 1.6.16) was used to create and visualise the bibliometric networks. In this study, the bibliographic data were downloaded and analysed by VOSviewer using several terms suggested in the software, such as citation-country and co-authorship-authors. Network maps generated by VOSviewer help scholars by forming the big picture and the connections of authorship analysis. Additionally, the number of co-occurrences of keywords was used to generate a network for keyword analysis. Furthermore, Harzing’s Publish and Perish tool was used to compute the citation metrics in detail (Sahib and Stapa, 2022).

Figure 1. Flow charts of the search strategy.

Table 1. Exclusion criteria.

Criterion	Exclusion
Subject area	Not an environmental science, agricultural and biological science, or social science subject area
Literature type	Non-indexed journals, books, book chapters, review articles, and conference proceedings
Language	Non-English
Keywords	Studies title, abstract, or keywords not in the query: ((TITLE-ABS-KEY (“sustainable diet” OR “sustainable diets”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“climate change” or “climate” or “mitigation”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “AGRI”) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, “ENVI”) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, “SOCI”) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, “ar”) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE, “j”) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, “English”))

Result and Findings

To address the first research question - What are current trends in research publications on sustainable diets as a climate change mitigation strategy? - we analysed the annual growth of publications. Furthermore, we analysed the total annual citations of publications to trace the most influential papers through the pathways of research on climate change mitigation through sustainable diet.

Annual growth of publication

Table 2 shows the annual growth of publications on sustainable diets as a climate change mitigation strategy based on the total number of papers published in Scopus from 2009-2023. The first paper was published in 2009 entitled “Reshaping the food system for ecological public health”. The publication of this document during this period could potentially be attributed to the World Summit on Food Security event, which focused on sustainable diets and was held in the same year. There are no relevant publications from 2010 until 2013. The publication count rises to four documents in 2014, declines to two in 2015, remains constant at four in 2016 and 2017, and begin rising again in 2018. A significant leap occurs in the number of publications in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase seems to coincide with the first United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC), known as COP21, which focused on efforts to reduce GHGs. The increase in publications from 2019 to 2022 suggests growing concerns about sustainable diets. The number of publications shows exponential growth, perhaps due to the influence of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2018 and the Food System Summit organised by FAO in 2021. The highest h-index is 12 in 2020. This means that among 17 published papers, 12 papers are cited at least 12 times, showing the highest increase in the quantity and quality of studies conducted in 2020.

Interestingly, the highest citation per paper is shown in 2014, with 114 average citations per publication. That publication related to the environmental impacts of dietary patterns. The paper entitled “Exploring Dietary Guidelines based on Ecological and Nutritional Values: A Comparison of Six Dietary Patterns,” written by van Dooren and four co-authors, Marinussen, Blonk, Aiking, and Vellinga, has garnered the most citations, with 259 citations. Interestingly, the study was co-authored by one of the most prominent authors in this field of research, Aiking, who is still active. The paper’s high citation count indicates that it is considered fundamental by authors in this field of research. It can be concluded that this is the most influential article through the pathways of the research of climate change mitigation via sustainable diet. This paper also contributes most along pathways of sustainable diet knowledge.

Table 2. Growth of publication by year

Year	TP	%	NCP	TC	C/P	C/CP	h	g
2009	1	0.75%	1	58	58.00	58.00	1	1
2014	4	3.01%	3	342	114.00	114.00	3	3
2015	2	1.50%	2	128	64.00	64.00	2	2
2016	4	3.01%	4	197	49.25	49.25	4	4
2017	4	3.01%	4	120	30.00	30.00	3	4
2018	5	3.76%	5	219	43.80	43.80	5	5
2019	13	9.77%	12	551	42.38	45.92	10	12
2020	17	12.78%	17	647	38.06	38.06	12	17
2021	26	19.55%	25	303	11.65	12.12	10	16
2022	31	23.31%	26	181	5.84	6.96	6	12
2023	26	19.55%	12	21	0.81	1.75	2	3

Notes: TP = total number of publications; NCP = number of cited publications; TC = total citations; C/P =average citations per publication; C/CP = average citations per cited publication; h = h-index; g = g-index

Figure 2 shows that in 2009, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2020, the number of papers published is similar to the number of papers cited for that particular year. There is only one publication in 2009 that is cited. In 2015, there are two publications, and both are cited. In 2016 and 2017, four papers are published, and all the publications are cited. The most significant surge in the number of publications commenced in 2018. Figure 2 shows an exponential increase until 2022. The highest annual publication (TP) is recorded in 2022, with a total of 31 publications. Although 2022 records the highest number of publications, not all papers published in that year have been cited. The h-index of 2022 is six, meaning that only six publications out of 31 publications are cited at least six times or more. On the other hand, the lowest number of publications is in 2009, with only one publication; the same goes for the h-index and g-index in that particular year. This suggests that the number of publications plays a fundamental role in determining the h-index and the g-index.

Figure 2. Total publications and citations by year.

Publications by countries

To address Research Question 2, - Which are the most productive countries and authors in research on climate change mitigation through sustainable diets? - VOSviewer was used to illustrate the visualisation map of citation-country and co-authorship. These data were analysed to shed light on productive and influential countries and authors of publications on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy.

Figure 3 presents a visualisation map of the citation-country network, displaying countries with a minimum of 10 documents each. The three leading countries in total publications, the USA, the UK, and Italy, are indicated in the figure by the size of the node and the font size. More than 50% of all publications are authored by scholars based in those three countries. The different colour nodes represent six different clusters of the researchers’ origin country. The first cluster, with green nodes, consists of five countries: the USA, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and France. The second cluster, coloured with red nodes, also consists of five countries: Sweden, Spain, Norway, Malaysia, and Chile. The links show the collaborations between the authors from those countries. Australia, South Africa, and Finland are in the third cluster with blue nodes. The UK is in the same purple-coloured node cluster as Japan and Brazil. The last cluster, coloured turquoise, contains only two countries: Austria and Germany.

It can be observed that the USA has the most publications and connections with other countries, such as the UK, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, and Australia. Both the UK and Denmark have connections with 12 countries in their publications. Conversely, Finland has the fewest connections; its co-authorship country is only Australia. The density of interconnected lines between the countries shows that they were highly related in co-authorship. It is visualised that the UK and the USA are related to the densest line, showing both countries have a strong connection with each other in their publications.

Figure 3. Network visualisation map of co-authorship - a country with a minimum of 3 publications of a country from VOSviewer.

Table 3 lists the top 20 countries in terms of publications on sustainable diets. Most of the countries with a minimum of 10 documents are developed countries. The USA is the most productive country with a total of 25 documents, followed by the UK with 23 documents. Most of the countries with more than 15 publications are European countries, such as Italy, Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden. The Asian countries involved in co-authoring the publications are Malaysia and Japan. Interestingly, both Asian countries are interconnected with Sweden.

Table 3. Total Publication by Country.

Country	TP
United States	25
United Kingdom	23
Italy	18
Germany	15
Netherlands	15
Sweden	15
Australia	13
Denmark	12
Spain	11
France	6
South Africa	6
Switzerland	6
Austria	5
Finland	5
Norway	5
Belgium	3
Brazil	3
Canada	3
Chile	3
Japan	3
Malaysia	3

Authorship analysis

Data from the most productive authors on the topic of sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy were analysed. The findings indicated the authors who contributed most to the field of study. This analysis is important to trace the current issues, problems, and themes focused on by the prominent authors. Figure 4 displays the most productive authors with two or more publications on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy. Aiking, Röös, Hendrie, Ahmed, Baird, Carlsson, Dangour, Fanzo, González-García, and Lawrence are the top ten authors of this research. From the bibliometric analysis, two prominent authors, Aiking and Röös, authored five documents each.

The direction of study explored by each prominent author is important to indicate the critical topics in mitigating climate change through sustainable diet research. For instance, the most prominent author in this field of study, Aiking, has emphasised themes such as environmental sustainability, dietary patterns, and public perception and behaviours to adopt a sustainable diet as a climate mitigation strategy. It seems like the author focused on understanding how to motivate consumers to shift to sustainable dietary patterns by considering the environmental impacts of different diets.

Another notable author, Röös, directed her attention toward informative policy interventions aimed at fostering sustainable food consumption, particularly emphasising the reduction of the environmental footprint as a measure of mitigation of climate change. As for the paper published by Hendrie, this author focused on assessing the environmental impact of diet aligning with promoting healthy diets. This authorship analysis shows that the prominent authors in this field of study have focused on environmental sustainability from slightly different approaches and perspectives.

Figure 4. Authorship Analysis

Keywords analysis

To explore the dominant themes in sustainable diets research, an analysis of the frequencies of author keywords was conducted to address the third research question. The most frequent keywords suggest which topics dominated publications on sustainable diets. Table 4 presents the 10 top keywords used in the selected 133 publications on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy. Based on Table 4, the most frequently used keywords are “climate change”, “sustainable diets”, and “sustainable development”. This finding might be related to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The keywords, such as “climate change”, “environmental impact”, and “carbon footprint,” which often occur in the publications, might be purposely focused on achieving the 13^th SDG goal, which is “Climate action”. These keywords are frequently used by authors and are aligned with the Climate Change Conference (COP 21), organised in Paris in 2015 (Gialeli, Troumbis et al., 2023).

Table 4. Top 10 most frequently used keywords in sustainable diet research.

Keywords	Frequency	%
Climate Change	67	78.82%
Sustainable Diets	29	34.12%
Sustainable Development	24	28.24%
Environmental Impact	22	25.88%
Carbon Footprint	19	22.35%
Sustainability	19	22.35%
Nutrition	18	21.18%
Food Consumption	14	16.47%
Greenhouse Gas Emissions	13	15.29%
Life Cycle Assessment	13	15.29%

Figure 5 further presents a network visualisation of the co-occurrence of keywords, each having a minimum of three occurrences using VOSviewer software. Co-occurrence analysis is a bibliometric method that facilitates understanding of the structure of scientific fields (Leal Filho, Sima et al., 2021). Keywords play an essential role in co-occurrence analysis. Co-occurrence indicates the most common keywords, represented by the size of nodes, while the network connections show the keywords that frequently appear in the same publications (Alberti, Blanco et al., 2022). The VOSviewer software also identifies clusters of keywords that co-occur in more than one publication. We set three appearances as the minimum threshold to identify the most frequently used keywords by authors in this research field. The most frequently used keywords enable the identification of the thematic clusters and represent the study topics (Nordin, Khatibi et al., 2024).

Based on the analysis, seven clusters containing 40 keywords were identified. The clusters appear in seven different colours on the map. Colours are assigned at random to clusters. The higher the co-occurrence frequency of a keyword, the larger the size of the node that appears on the map (Udara Willhelm Abeydeera, Wadu Mesthrige et al., 2019). For instance, the keywords “sustainable diets,” “climate change” and “sustainability,” appear in the largest node in red, blue, and yellow, respectively. Two hundred links interconnect all 40 keywords within the seven clusters. The density of same-coloured lines interconnected between the same colour of nodes shows that the keywords are highly related to each other (Grazieschi, Asdrubali et al., 2020). For instance, “sustainable diets” and “environmental impact” are interconnected with a dense, red-coloured line, showing that both keywords are highly related. Numerous studies highlighted the potential of a sustainable diet with minimal environmental impact to mitigate climate change (Mazac, Järviö et al., 2023; Ridoutt, Baird et al., 2021; Zucchinelli, Sporchia et al., 2021).

The cluster with the most items is the red cluster, which contains eight keywords. For instance, the keywords “environmental impacts”, “food consumption”, “food policy”, “meat reduction”, “nutrition”, “linear programming”, “sustainable diet”, and “scenario analysis” are in the same cluster. These keywords are used by the authors in homogeneous areas in the field of sustainable diets. Both keywords “sustainable diets” and “sustainable diet” are inter-connected with “climate change”, “food policy”, “sustainability”, and “nutrition”. It shows that scholars have focused on the relations between those topics. The green cluster consists of seven keywords, including “carbon footprint”, “climate”, “food system”, “land use”, “LCA”, “plant-based diets”, and “vegetarian”. The cluster with the fewest items appears in orange colour with only four keywords. The keywords “meat consumption,” “behaviour change,” health”, and “environment sustainability”.

Several keywords appeared in both singular and plural words, such as “sustainable diet” and “sustainable diets”, “environmental impact” and “environmental impacts”, “greenhouse gas emission” and “greenhouse gas emissions”. These keywords appeared in different clusters and are interconnected with different keywords from other clusters. This indicates that a keyword involves several related topics. The co-occurrence of author keywords will be further discussed concerning visual diagrams and keyword tables by cluster.

Figure 5. Network visualisation map of the co-occurrence author keywords using VOSviewer.

Table 5 shows the keywords in seven groups according to their clusters analysed using VOSviewer. Unsurprisingly, the keyword “sustainable diets” is linked to 34 keywords. The keyword “sustainable diet” is linked to 22 keywords, including all clusters, as they are the main keywords in the search in the early stages of the study. The keyword “climate change” that could be seen in the visualisation map is connected to 23 links involving all clusters. “Climate change” is related to “food consumption”, “sustainable diets”, “environmental impact”, and “scenario analysis” in cluster 1. Keywords including “carbon footprint”, “land use”, “LCA”, and “food system” in Cluster 2 are interconnected directly with “climate change”. It shows that most authors aim to mitigate climate change by promoting a sustainable diet.

The keyword “environmental impact” in Cluster 1 has a direct connection to “life cycle assessment” in Cluster 5. Furthermore, the keyword “carbon footprint” in Cluster 2 has a direct connection to “life cycle assessment”. The same goes for the keywords “greenhouse gas emission” in Cluster 3, “climate change mitigation” in Cluster 6, and “behaviour change” in Cluster 7. All these keywords have a direct connection to “life cycle assessment”. Although none of the keywords in Cluster 4 is connected with “life cycle assessment” from Cluster 5, there are two keywords, “sustainability” and “food waste”, in Cluster 4 connected with “LCA”, the abbreviation of “life cycle assessment” in Cluster 2. Each cluster appears to be linked with “life cycle assessment,” likely due to its role as a methodology utilised in measuring the environmental impact of food consumption.

Table 5. Keywords by clusters.

Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4
Environmental impact	Carbon footprint	Climate change	Consumption
Food consumption	Climate	Dietary guidelines	Food security
Food policy	Food system	Dietary intake	Food waste
Linear programming	Land use	Greenhouse gas emission	Sustainability
Meat reduction	LCA	Sustainable diet	Sustainable food system
Nutrition	Plant-based diet	Water footprint
Scenario analysis	Vegetarian
Sustainable diets
Cluster 5	Cluster 6	Cluster 7
Environmental impacts	Climate change mitigation	Behaviour change
Global warming potential	Environment	Environmental sustainability
Greenhouse gas emissions	Food	Health
Life cycle assessment	Food system	Meat consumption
Sustainable consumption

Next, we used keyword analysis to analyse the evolution of research on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy (El Bilali, Strassner et al., 2021). Figure 6 presents the trends of author keywords from 2019 – 2022. The timeline analysis on author keywords shows that the themes in sustainable diet research have gone through an evolution (Gialeli, Troumbis et al., 2023).

Several sustainability dimensions have been connected by scholars in recent years. For instance, “food policy”, which relates to the institutional dimension, began trending in 2019 and has connections with “sustainable diets” and “food consumption”, which are focused on in 2020 and 2021. The trending keywords that appear between 2021 and 2022 are “climate change mitigation”, “food system”, “environmental impacts”, and “global warming potential”, which are related to the environmental dimension of sustainability. These keywords are associated with the current information on sustainability topics (Zupic and Čater, 2015). It seems that authors in this field broadened the sustainable diets research in various dimensions of sustainability, including environment, economy, institutional or policy, and governance. The thematic analysis below will elaborate on the themes related to each dimension.

Figure 6. Trend Author Keywords link with Sustainable Diets from 2019-2022.

Thematic analysis

This part of the research aims to address the last research question - Which are the most prevalent themes in sustainable diet as climate mitigation strategy research? In this study, we comprehensively analysed all 133 articles and categorised them into four dominant themes according to the sustainability dimensions: environment, economy, institutional or policy and governance, and social. We further elaborated on each theme under the sub-headings as follows: (1) environmental dimension of sustainability in dietary choices, (2) economic aspect of adopting a sustainable diet, (3) policy pathways for climate mitigation through sustainable diet promotion, and (4) the social dynamics in promoting sustainable diet.

Environmental Dimension of Sustainability in Dietary Choices for Climate Mitigation

Most of the literature on the environmental sustainability dimension concerns food choices aimed at mitigating climate change. Issues highlighted in the environmental dimension included the impact of dietary choices on the environment, particularly regarding GHG emissions, methods for measuring the impact of food on the environment, and dietary recommendations that reduce the impact of food on the environment. Fourty-one of the selected documents (31%) are concerned with the environmental impact of dietary choices. Most of the literature specifically focused on the correlation between climate change and dietary habits. Filippin, Sarni et al. (2023); Jarmul, Dangour et al. (2020) suggested that dietary habits could be the most potential intervention to reduce climate change.

Scholars have underscored the significance of indicators like greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon footprint in gauging the environmental ramifications of dietary choices. Twenty-one out of 133 documents (16%) discussed GHG emissions related to the environmental impacts of food consumption. Methodologies like life cycle assessment (LCA) have been pivotal in systematically analysing food items’ carbon footprints and elucidating their environmental impacts (Carvalho, Correia et al., 2023; Lacour, Seconda et al., 2018; Mackenzie, Leinonen et al., 2016). Studies by Fiala, Marveggio et al. (2020); Mazac, Järviö et al. (2023); Sjörs, Raposo et al. (2016) stand as prime examples showcasing the application of LCA in this realm. For instance, Wrieden, Halligan et al. (2019) developed a framework using the LCA approach to compare the environmental impact of various food items. 12 out of 133 (9%) documents have focused on LCA in analysing and discussing the impacts of food items on the environment. It seems that LCA has become an environmental tool in assessing the impact of food consumption.

The food system, identified as the second-largest source of GHG emissions, contributes 23% to 42% of the total GHG output (Chiriaco, Castaldi et al., 2022; Gutiérrez, Cortés et al., 2023). This realisation has spurred numerous scholars to emphasise the potential of sustainable dietary practices in curtailing GHG emissions and mitigating climate change (Mazac, Järviö et al., 2023; Rancilio, Gibin et al., 2022; Ruett, Hennes et al., 2022). Many scholars highlighted the importance of integrating climate change knowledge in education to promote sustainable dietary patterns (Burlingame, Charrondiere et al., 2012; Cleveland and Jay, 2021). A prevalent theme across recent literature lies in educating and motivating consumers to adopt sustainable dietary patterns, particularly by accentuating environmental aspects, notably the carbon footprint (Mesquita and Carvalho, 2023; Rose, Willits-Smith et al., 2022; Wolfson, Willits-Smith et al., 2022).

Several scholars proposed that reducing meat consumption would significantly slash GHG emissions and food carbon footprint (Arrieta and Gonzalez, 2018; de Boer and Aiking, 2023; Kozicka, Havlík et al., 2023). Wang, L., Cui et al. (2021) advocated substituting meat with vegetables, milk, and soy products, emphasising the substantial reduction in both individual carbon footprints and global GHG emissions. The exploration of plant-based alternatives to animal-based foods emerges as a recurring suggestion to alleviate the environmental burden. Works by Alae-Carew, Green et al. (2022); Graham, Russell et al. (2019); Mason-D'Croz, Bogard et al. (2019) advocated for plant-based foods as viable substitutes due to their lower environmental impact and added health benefits, as highlighted by González-García, Green et al. (2020).

Moreover, scholars have associated the environmental impact of diets with the adoption of future protein alternatives, identifying them as potential game-changers in reducing the environmental footprint of food consumption. Fiala, Marveggio et al. (2020); Mazac, Järviö et al. (2023) suggested alternatives like insect meal, cultured meat, and microalgae, citing their nutritional equivalence to animal meat and positive environmental impacts. Protein alternatives such as forage fish, bivalve molluscs, and insects have been shown to reduce GHG emissions from food consumption (Kim, Santo et al., 2020). Although many scholars have suggested the adoption of future proteins, some scholars have mentioned that there are barriers to the predisposition to behaviours towards meat intake reduction and plant-based diet (Lourenco, Nunes-Galbes et al., 2022).

Besides GHG emissions, many scholars highlighted land use to evaluate the environmental impact of food consumption (Candy, Turner et al., 2019; van Dooren, C, Keuchenius et al., 2018b; van Dooren, Corné, Marinussen et al., 2014). The increased human population increases land use to accommodate food production (Bannor, Arthur et al., 2023). Fourteen out of 133 (11%) documents that discussed the environmental impacts of food consumption referred to land use as an indicator besides the emissions of GHGs. Several scholars acknowledged the correlation between agricultural land use and dietary habits.

An unsustainable diet is one of the major drivers of substantial land use and land use change that causes climate change (Laine, Huybrechts et al., 2021). For instance, a dairy product such as butter has a higher land use impact compared to plant-based spreads (Liao, Gerichhausen et al., 2020). Reducing meat and dairy products with plant-based food in daily diet lowered land use and contributed to a lower environmental impact of more than 40% (Seves, Verkaik-Kloosterman et al., 2017). Xia, Takakura et al. (2023) suggested in their study that shifting from an unsustainable to a sustainable dietary pattern could lower the pressure on the environment.

The results of a comprehensive analysis found that most documents focus on the environmental dimension in the study of sustainable dietary food choice as a climate mitigation strategy. However, scholars focused on several aspects of adopting sustainable diets based on the sustainability dimension of economic, institutional or policy and governance, and social involvement.

The economic aspect of adopting a sustainable diet

Besides focusing on the impact of food intake on the environment, scholars in this field of study also emphasised other dimensions of sustainability, such as economic aspects that influence human behaviour in adopting a sustainable diet. Fifteen of 133 documents (11%) discussed the economic aspects of promoting a sustainable diet as one of the climate mitigation strategies. Most of the documents focused on the affordability of sustainable diets and their financial implications (Ribal, Fenollosa et al., 2016; Springmann, Clark et al., 2021). Individuals and families’ affordability in accessing a sustainable diet is directly influenced by household income.

Household income is one of the indicators used to estimate the composition of the current diet (Arrieta and Gonzalez, 2018; Perignon, Vieux et al., 2023; Reynolds, Horgan et al., 2019). In the context of household income and socioeconomic groups, several scholars focused on addressing the dietary challenges individuals from low socioeconomic groups face. It is reported that those with a higher household income practice emit more GHGs in overall consumption compared to those with lower household income (Perignon, Vieux et al., 2023). In high- and middle-income contexts, the introduction of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives emerges as possible replacements for animal-derived foods, offering a route toward adopting more sustainable dietary practices (Alae-Carew, Green et al., 2022). The interest in a plant-based diet is also influenced by the economic situation, especially in low-income countries (Eker, Garcia et al., 2021).

Springmann, Clark et al. (2021) reported that cost analysis revealed that in higher-income countries, embracing healthy and sustainable dietary patterns has the potential to cut down expenses by approximately 22–34% compared to existing diets. However, in lower-income countries, these healthier eating habits were found to be at least 18–29% more expensive. This is supported by Goulding, Lindberg et al. (2020) study that the cost of sustainable food was shown to be less expensive and more affordable than the typical Australian Diet basket nationally. Furthermore, Travassos, da Cunha et al. (2020) reported that Brazilian male household heads with medium and low income who live in rural areas were associated with unsustainable diets. While the economic aspect is mainly related to household income, which scholars focus on, the social aspect is also not left behind in discussing sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy.

Sustainability in diets calls for policy measures and advocacy efforts aimed at reducing socioeconomic disparities in accessing healthy and sustainable foods. While dietary change is positioned as pivotal for transitioning toward sustainable diets, there is a clarion call for policy interventions and strategies that promote sustainable dietary practices, considering their profound environmental impact. Next, the discussion will continue to the third aspect of sustainability regarding policies for promoting sustainable diets.

Policy Pathways for Climate Mitigation Through Sustainable Diet Promotion

Scholars investigated not only the environmental and economic dimensions but also the institutional or policies governing aspects of sustainable diets. Only 7.5% of 133 documents discussed the importance of policies in promoting a sustainable diet as a climate mitigation strategy. Most articles dealing with policies in sustainable diet promotion analysed the environmental aspect of facing challenges such as climate change, population growth, and land pressures (Clora, Yu et al., 2021; Macura, Ran et al., 2022). Public policy interventions are crucial for stimulating more sustainable consumption to decrease environmental harm (Macura, Ran et al., 2022).

In addition to addressing climate change, several pivotal studies have shed light on policy directions of health within the realm of sustainable diets (Bell, Khan et al., 2019; Downs, Payne et al., 2017; Green, Carey et al., 2022). Lang (2009) proposed seven priorities for policymakers in the context of ecological public health that encompass a holistic approach that addresses environmental sustainability, social equity, and public health. The integration of environmental impact and nutritional quality in evaluating diets for policy formulation was emphasised by Macura, Ran et al. (2022). Additionally, Downs, Payne et al. (2017) offered a pivotal policy analysis framework designed to evaluate the potential for positive health and environmental impacts and highlight policy clarity and resource allocation challenges.

Incorporating sustainability into dietary practices and food production systems is vital in addressing climate change. Policy efforts need to focus on reducing the environmental footprint of food production and consumption, which includes minimising greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture and promoting sustainable land use practices. Cerutti, Ardente et al. (2018) emphasised the importance of evidence-based policy decisions in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in food services. It highlights the effectiveness of certain procurement policies, particularly dietary changes, and advocates for the use of robust scientific methods to inform policymaking in this domain. It suggests that public authorities and stakeholders can benefit from using this method to prioritise procurement policies effectively, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the food service.

This approach aids in informed decision-making by policymakers and scholars, highlighting knowledge gaps and avenues for further research or intervention. Scholars in this field have collectively highlighted diverse policy pathways essential for promoting sustainable diets, mitigating climate change, and fostering more environmentally conscious food systems. Besides formulating and implementing policies for sustainable diets, scholars also emphasised various social factors that contribute to enhancing climate mitigation through dietary changes. The subtopic below will discuss the social dynamics in promoting sustainable diets.

Social dynamics in promoting sustainable diets

Fourteen out of then133 documents (11%) addressed the social dimension involved in empowering individuals with knowledge and resources to make informed and sustainable dietary choices. Knowledge is one of the factors that motivates the transition to sustainable consumption (Heyl and Ekardt, 2022). Education platforms are valuable for raising awareness and cultivating a mindset that values environmentally conscious dietary choices. Thus, education plays a vital role in fostering sustainable dietary choices.

Formal education significantly influences individuals’ interest in sustainable eating habits, particularly plant-based diets (Eker, Garcia et al., 2021). Providing education on sustainable food practices can empower lower-income households to make healthier and more sustainable choices within their financial constraints. Several scholars highlight increasing knowledge of climate-friendly dietary options among the citizens (Ahmed, Warne et al., 2022; de Boer and Aiking, 2021), including the Indigenous (Vogliano, Murray et al., 2021).

Knowledge regarding topics combining health and sustainable development must be transferred to promote sustainable behaviour (Weber, Kroiss et al., 2023). In enhancing the understanding of health and sustainability in diet, the role of nutritionists in changing people’s behaviour in making dietary changes is undeniable. Hence, educational opportunities for linking climate change and diet-related advice are suggested for nutrition professionals to increase their knowledge and awareness levels about climate change (Özel, Bogueva et al., 2022).

Besides formal education, public engagement initiatives play a vital role in the social dimension of sustainability in promoting a sustainable diet. Public engagement helps influence the transition from an unsustainable diet to a sustainable diet (Peltola, Kaljonen et al., 2020). In their study, Macura, Ran et al. (2022) reveal that several kinds of literature exist regarding public engagement, such as information campaigns towards more sustainable food consumption.

Another social aspect of sustainability that scholars emphasised was health protection. These included increasing consumer awareness of the health benefits of a sustainable diet. Indeed, practising a sustainable diet contributes to human health benefits (Pradhan and Kropp, 2020; Wolfson, Willits-Smith et al., 2022). Again, most scholars highlighted the benefits of increasing plant-based food in daily diets, which is crucial to improving health. The plant-based diet has been linked to various health benefits, including a reduced risk of non-communicable diseases such as obesity (FADzLINA zuLKeFLI and Moy, 2021; Stubbs, Scott et al., 2018; Wang, L., Cui et al., 2021), cardiovascular diseases (Herrmann, Gonnet et al., 2023; Riccardi and Costabile, 2019; Weber, Kroiss et al., 2023), and diabetes (Barrett, 2022; Brons, Oosterveer et al., 2021; Havemeier, Erickson et al., 2017). Scholars have also explored the economic aspects, suggesting that shifting towards plant-based food in practising a sustainable diet could potentially lead to cost savings in healthcare expenditures due to improved long-term health (Broeks, Biesbroek et al., 2020; Mendoza-Vasconez, Landry et al., 2021; Nolden and Forde, 2023).

Cultural aspect of sustainable diets

The following part of the thematic analysis answers the last research question- Which sustainability dimension of sustainable diet research needs to be focused on most in future studies?

Besides health and economic aspects, recognising the cultural dimension within sustainable diets is pivotal in addressing climate change. However, few documents explored this theme as a sustainability dimension in promoting a sustainable diet. Out of 133 documents, only three (2.26%) discussed the cultural aspects of a sustainable diet. Integrating culturally acceptable food items into sustainable diet strategies significantly reduces food-related carbon footprints (Rancilio, Gibin et al., 2022). To mitigate climate change, recognising and understanding the cultural underpinnings of attitudes and behaviours is crucial for crafting effective strategies to promote sustainable dietary changes at both individual and societal levels (Happer and Wellesley, 2019).

However, the existing literature and current studies often overlook this crucial dimension. Consistent with a study conducted by Harrison, Palma et al. (2022), it was found that the cultural aspects of sustainable diets received the least attention in the existing literature. Future researchers should prioritise the cultural aspect of sustainable diet research, as indicated by this scarcity.

Discussion

This section of the article comprises two segments of discourse. The initial section focuses on the bibliometric analysis, which addresses the first, second, and third research questions. The second section examines the thematic analysis of the most commonly observed sustainability dimensions of diet in the existing literature. We also address the fourth research question pertaining to the sustainability aspect of sustainable diet research that requires further attention in future studies.

Bibliometric analysis

The main purpose of conducting this bibliometric analysis in this study is to identify the current trends in research publications on sustainable diets as a climate change mitigation strategy. The first publication in 2009 marked the beginning of research on reshaping the food system for ecological public health, likely influenced by the World Summit on Food Security held that year. Subsequently, studies on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy have grown significantly over the past four years. Scholars have focused on several sustainability dimensions, especially the environmental dimension. A significant spike in publications occurred in 2019, possibly linked to the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) and its focus on efforts to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs). This spike continued through 2022, indicating a substantial and rapid increase in attention and studies related to sustainable diets. The exponential growth from 2019 to 2022 suggests a growing recognition of the importance of sustainable diets in addressing climate change concerns.

When addressing the second research question, which is to identify the most productive countries, the data analysis indicated that Western countries, specifically the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy, are the leading nations in terms of publications on sustainable diets. Compared to developing countries, the total publications from developed countries were considerably higher. This might be due to the fact that they may have more resources to devote to research and public awareness efforts. Additionally, they may possess a higher degree of public interest and knowledge regarding environmental issues, particularly the connection between food choices and climate change (Alhothali, Almoraie et al., 2021). Several studies have also reported that unsustainable food consumption contributes to high GHG emissions in those countries (Ivanova, Vita et al., 2017; Laine, Huybrechts et al., 2021; van Dooren, Corné, Aiking et al., 2018a; van Dooren, C, Keuchenius et al., 2018b). There were two prominent authors in this field of study, Aiking and Röös, who each published five documents. Aiking was one of the co-authors of the most cited paper published in 2014.

The third research question concerned the identification of the most prevalent themes of sustainable diets. To answer this question, keyword analysis generated by VOSviewer visualised the co-occurrence of keywords. “Climate change”, “sustainable diets”, and “sustainable development” were the keywords that co-occurred most often in publications on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy. The seven clusters identified in the network visualisation keyword map suggest that publications on sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy are linked to a wide variety of fields. This finding encourages optimism as it indicates that numerous academics consider sustainable diets a significant subject worthy of scholarly focus. The clustering patterns may motivate future researchers to examine the fundamental content in studies on sustainable diets while offering guidance for future research efforts (El Bilali, Strassner et al., 2021). The density value between the two keywords could be identified based on the distance of the two keywords. Besides, the cluster with the least co-occurrence keywords still lacks studies on that aspect and needs further studies.

Thematic analysis

The purpose of the thematic analysis conducted on 133 articles was to gain insight into the prevailing themes related to sustainable diets as a strategy for mitigating climate change. The research categorised these articles into four dominant themes corresponding to different sustainability dimensions: the environmental dimension of sustainability in dietary choices for climate mitigation, economic aspects in adopting sustainable diets, social dynamics in promoting sustainable diets, and policy pathways for climate mitigation through sustainable diet promotion.

Several popular themes under the environmental dimension were the environmental impacts of dietary choices, the impact of meat consumption, greenhouse gas emissions of food systems and life cycle assessment (LCA) as systematic methods used in analysing the carbon footprint of various food items. The sustainable diet recommendations decrease pressure on the environment in terms of reducing carbon footprint. On the other hand, scholars also have focused on the economic dimension of sustainability in their works in this field of study. Scholars have studied food consumption behaviours at different socioeconomic levels. In order to promote the adoption of sustainable dietary choices, scholars need to report on policy efforts that have been taken in several countries.

Addressing the dimension of sustainability in dietary choices necessitates a multifaceted approach that considers environmental, economic, social, and policy concerns. Collaboration between governments, companies, communities, and individuals is critical for developing effective methods for promoting and implementing sustainable diets for climate mitigation (Allenden, Hine et al., 2022; Denniss, Woods et al., 2021; Gaillac and Marbach, 2021). Based on the pentagram sustainability model, Kumar, Santara et al. (2020) and the thematic analysis conducted, we identify the cultural dimension as a research gap and suggest future research directions to fill these gaps. Besides being symbolic of cultural tradition, local diets supports the ecological conservation (Chen and Liu, 2017). In alignment with the sustainable diet recommendation to reduce carbon footprint, cultural factors should be focused on in determining local food choices among people in different countries.

Based on the existing literature, it is evident that limited studies on sustainable dietary food choices have been conducted in Asian countries. For instance, the bibliometric analysis shows that only two Asian countries, Japan and Malaysia, exist in the visualisation map of co-authorship countries in sustainable diet as a climate mitigation strategy. It shows that food consumption in Asian cultures must be explored as a cultural dimension of sustainable diets. Various scholars, including Wee and Henry (2020), have identified distinct attributes of Asian diets, which vary across nations and cultural communities. Efforts to transition towards more sustainable diets have considered this distinctiveness and diversity, not to mention the diversity among different age groups (Pongutta, Ajetunmobi et al., 2022).

Limitations

This bibliometric review has certain limitations that need to be taken into account, primarily because a comprehensive overview of the study area cannot be established. Firstly, to facilitate the quantity and variety of retrieved publications and compatibility of the retrieved publications metadata format with widely used bibliometric tools (Grazieschi, Asdrubali et al., 2020), only Scopus-indexed papers were synthesised in this paper. Other influential databases (e.g., WOS) were not included in the review. For future studies, researchers should consider extending the search to another database on sustainable diets. This bibliometric analysis might be biased due to the dependence on one database, which is Scopus. Secondly, this study is limited to documents published exclusively in English. As a result, valuable research findings from non-English language articles might have been overlooked or omitted. Furthermore, future research may consider involving more search terms to gain a more panoramic view of sustainable diets as a climate mitigation strategy.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The analysis of the extracted data via keywords commonly used in sustainable diet research could become an indicator of the most prevalent issues and the main content of pertinent literature. The findings suggest a global increase in sustainable diet research, with a growing number of publications from both developed and developing countries. In searching for the research direction and to obtain a better knowledge of sustainable diets, researchers can consult this bibliometric article. In recent times, academics have directed their attention towards a sustainable diet as a measure that can be implemented to mitigate climate change.

This study investigates the landscape of sustainable diet research by comprehensively analysing the trends of publications, main keywords, and related themes. Through this bibliometric study and thematic analysis, the homogeneous themes in sustainable diet research could be identified (Agnusdei and Coluccia, 2022). The data presented in this article, in the form of tables and network maps, provide a comprehensive overview of the research on sustainable diets. When conducting literature reviews, researchers can consult bibliometric articles to obtain a comprehensive overview of recent research. (Sahib and Stapa, 2022). Future research could explore various databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Emerald, and others. Non-English language papers should be explored to diversify the research on sustainable diets’ social and cultural aspects. Other illustrative network maps based on the term co-occurrence network based on title and abstract fields and based on title fields could be included to provide an overview of the themes that have been covered in this field of study.

Author Contributions

Anizawati Zainal: study preparation, data collection, and text writing; Hidayah Mohd. Fadzil: corresponding author; Edy Hafizan Mohd. Shahali: study preparation; Chenghao Zhu & George M Jacobs: proofreading; All authors approved the final version of the article.

Ethics Declaration

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.

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