2024 Volume 12 Issue 2 Pages 293-317
Coastal areas and their communities are one of the most vulnerable components of urban existence. The balance of the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sectors is crucial to maintain their sustainability. This research focuses on assessing the level of sustainability of a coastal area, namely Kampung Sentra Bandeng Semarang, and its influence on the community's current economic activities. Data from field observations, interviews with the community, and secondary sources are components of this analysis. The Circles of Coastal Sustainability (CCS) method was used to assess the sustainability conditions at the study site. As a result, environmental and economic aspects are aspects that need special handling for future regional planning programs. There are many sustainability indicators that still need to be improved, especially in handling tidal flooding and land subsidence.
Rising sea levels and tidal waves that occur throughout the year in coastal areas are caused by global warming from the effects of greenhouse gases (Zikra, Suntoyo et al., 2015). Based on IPCC (2007) found that an average sea level rise of 2.5 millimeters occurred every year. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) observations suggest that flatter coastal areas will experience the strongest effects of sea level rise, and these effects are predicted to increase (NASA, 2024). After 2100 sea level rise is predicted to reach a range of 1 to 2 meters and will cause more widespread damage to coastal areas. This will certainly force coastal communities to retreat inland or to higher ground. This phenomenon is very likely to change the order of life of coastal communities and affect various aspects of community life.
Ecosystem and socioeconomic aspects are the most impactful due to environmental changes that occur in coastal areas (Nicholls, Wong et al., 2007; Ramesh, Chen et al., 2015). The social system of coastal communities and their environment cannot be separated because they are a continuous cause-and-effect unit. The phenomenon of coastal land loss due to sea level rise has made people move their homes away from the sea. This is a threat to the livelihood structure of coastal communities whose lifestyle is highly dependent on the sea. The homogeneity of activities and the similarity of characteristics of coastal communities such as their dependence on marine resources make ecosystem and socio-economic components very easy to identify. On the other hand, there are still many complex indicators that shape the lives of coastal communities that will continue to develop in the future. Therefore, various countries such as the United States have begun to develop various development programs that combine various experts to create a sustainable development system as a measure to prevent the impact of sea level rise due to climate change (Neumann, J. E., Chinowsky et al., 2021).
Sustainable development in coastal areas needs to consider a holistic and fundamental perspective on economic, socio-cultural, governance, and environmental dimensions that can balance between good environmental status and socio-economic development for community welfare (Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al., 2020; Neumann, B., Ott et al., 2017; Newton, 2012; Visbeck, Kronfeld-Goharani et al., 2014). Periodic assessments of the quality of implementation of sustainable development in coastal areas are necessary to monitor progress and evaluate shortcomings and constraints. It is important to look at data regularly and position oneself as part of a community system that integrates various components of sustainability (Espey, Swanson et al., 2015; Liu, Mooney et al., 2015).
This study aims to find out the results of the latest assessment of the conditions of various aspects that shape the lives of coastal communities, especially in Indonesia, using an approach method that is in accordance with the needs of coastal development. Indonesia as an archipelago with 80,000 km of coastline is highly vulnerable to sea level rise. The increasing population, especially in coastal areas, and the issue of population migration, are factors that exacerbate the process of environmental damage in Indonesia's coastal areas (Handayani and Kumalasari, 2015). The conversion of green land into built-up areas creates high levels of stress and pressure on the environment in coastal areas. In recent decades, Indonesia has experienced a climate change crisis that has exacerbated the impact of environmental degradation in coastal areas (Djalante and Tomalla, 2012; Handayani, Rudiarto et al., 2017; Taylor, 2015).
The issue of climate change poses a major threat to coastal cities in Indonesia. Jakarta is one of the coastal cities in Indonesia that is predicted to be the fastest sinking city in the world. In addition to the impact of climate change, the sinking of coastal cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta is also exacerbated by massive excessive groundwater extraction, which results in a decrease in coastal land height (Rinesti, 2022). Based on information from the World Economic Forum (WEF), some of the northern coastal areas of cities on the island of Java in Indonesia, including Jakarta, will be submerged in water by 2050. The Indonesian government has now taken concrete steps to move the capital city from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island to become the Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN).
Semarang City is one of the coastal cities in Indonesia that has an important function no less than Jakarta, namely as the center of the National Port and as the capital of Central Java Province. The city has the same problems as Jakarta in the form of land subsidence and severe sea level rise every year, the peak of which caused the leakage of the sea wall in 2023 so that it was called a 'Small Tsunami' by the community. The coastal area accounts for 0.02% of the total area of Semarang City (Ridlo and Yuliani, 2018), and based on Semarang City Statistics data most of the communities in the area are identified as slum areas.
Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is one of the coastal settlements located close to the Java Sea. Based on data from the Semarang City Government, sea level rise and land subsidence that occur every year are the main causes of environmental degradation (slum) to damage settlement infrastructure. On the other hand, economic activities and community development through fishery products and educational tourism, which are the leading sectors of the local community, are highly dependent on the existence of coastal infrastructure (Syagata, Y., S and Kurniati, R., 2020). The local economic development program (Kampung Tematik) in Kampung Sentra Bandeng Semarang is part of the concept of sustainable development that the Semarang City Government aims to implement to minimize the impact of environmental degradation on quality of life. An assessment of the overall sustainability components of Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is generally lacking. Therefore, an assessment of the sustainability components and the interrelationships between them is necessary to determine the scope of the impact of environmental degradation due to climate change that could threaten the economic activities of coastal communities.
The Circles of Coastal Sustainability (CCS) method is one option for assessing the sustainability of coastal areas through the development of an assessment and visualization framework that generates a comprehensive picture of the state of implementation of sustainability components in the Kampung Sentra Bandeng Semarang. It is anticipated that current environmental conditions will have a major impact on the economic activities of the local community, leading to a decline in the community's quality of life.
Coastal Village is one area that has a high level of ecological diversity. According to Rudianto, Sisilo et al. (2016) an indispensable strategy in the development of coastal areas is the integration of coastal ecosystems, especially for the existence of mangrove forests, coral reefs, and other components with the aim of minimizing the impact of more severe damage in the future. Coastal settlements are part of coastal villages in urban areas that tend to have diverse characteristics (Jevric and Romanovich, 2016; Liang, Liu et al., 2017; Matsuba and Namatame, 2003; Roy, 2005; Yu and Zhao, 2021). Starting from its physical characteristics such as environmental conditions and disasters to the characteristics of the community. In general, coastal areas have unique characteristics so they need adaptive planning strategies to deal with various problems that arise.
According to Endar, Sugiarto et al. (1995) coastal villages are becoming more and more crowded with the times. This causes various environmental problems, especially slums and environmental degradation that result in a decrease in the quality of life of the community. Often coastal disasters such as tidal waves and land subsidence further aggravate the condition of coastal settlements. A Tidal Flood (Rob) is a type of flood that is influenced by tides. Usually, it occurs in areas that have a lower land surface than sea level (Salim, 2018). Meanwhile, land subsidence occurs due to loading on the ground surface, exploitation of groundwater, earthquakes that damage building structures, instability of land parcels, and others (Marfai and King, 2008). Often these two phenomena are interrelated and occur every year in coastal settlements. Based on this explanation, coastal environmental degradation needs to be the focus of handling because its condition is very dependent on climate change. On the other hand, the environmental component is the main source of income for coastal communities as well as a threat to socio-economic aspects.
Coastal communities are closely related to their needs to carry out their livelihoods as fishermen. Therefore, many fishermen build houses near the sea area. According to Nikijuluw (2003) coastal communities are a group of people or communities who live in coastal areas and whose economic resources are highly dependent on the utilization of marine resources through fishing and aquaculture activities. The population of people who live and settle in coastal areas is quite high in various countries that are in the form of islands. Coastal communities also have close kinship relationships and diverse socio-cultural systems (Aguilar-Becerra, Frausto et al., 2017).
Sustainable development is one of the planning approaches used with the aim of creating a balance between the needs of the current generation and the needs of future generations (Santos, Deus et al., 2021). Sustainability in this concept essentially combines three important aspects, namely environmental aspects, economic aspects, and socio-cultural aspects. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the Santos, Deus et al. (2021), there are three main approaches in measuring and analyzing sustainable urban development, namely calculation, narrative assessment, and indicator-based assessment. The indicator-based approach typically uses a set of indicators that relate to various topics needed to describe the sustainability of a city or region. By using the same indicators over time, it will be possible to compare the current state of assessment with the future development of the assessment of the sustainability of the area. This approach can also be used to assess the sustainability of land and coastal areas.
Various forms of damage caused by coastal environmental conditions require appropriate handling and strategy to minimize the negative impacts that will occur. Conflicts regarding the need for the quality of human life and welfare with environmental sustainability continue to be the main focus of development (Blackburn and Marques, 2013). Limited coastal resources and high human needs cause problems in the components of coastal sustainability so a management system and an appropriate approach to handling concepts are needed (Cumming and Peterson, 2017).
Table 1 is a sustainability indicator that focuses on four aspects, namely the environment, economic aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and government aspects and applicable regulations (Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al., 2020; Swe, 2023). Both studies are basically the result of developing aspects and indicators from previous research conducted by (James, 2015). Basically, environmental and economic aspects are interrelated to form a dependency diagram with each other in the concept of coastal sustainability. Therefore, environmental sustainability indicators will be used to see the interplay between the two aspects. The Circles of Sustainability approach as part of the development of the Circles of Coastal Sustainability (CCS) framework is a flexible, modular and systematic approach that can adapt to the needs of scientific development. Here, sustainability aspects intersect directly with the social conditions of the community, such as resilience, livability, adaptation and other supporting components as basic conditions for positive social life (James, 2015).
| Source | No | Aspect | Indicators | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James (2015) | 1 | Ecology | Materials and Energy | It is not explained in detail in this study what categories are referred to in each indicator. |
| Water and Air | ||||
| Flora and Fauna | ||||
| Habitat and Settlements | ||||
| Built Form and Transport | ||||
| Embodiment and Sustenance | ||||
| Emission and Waste | ||||
| 2 | Economics | Production and Resourcing | ||
| Exchange and Transfer | ||||
| Accounting and Regulation | ||||
| Consumption and Use | ||||
| Labour and Welfare | ||||
| Technology and Infrastructure | ||||
| Wealth and Distribution | ||||
| 3 | Culture | Identity and Engagement | ||
| Creativity and Recreation | ||||
| Memory and Projection | ||||
| Belief and Meaning | ||||
| Gender and Generations | ||||
| Enquiry and Learning | ||||
| Well-Being and Health | ||||
| 4 | Politic | Organization and Governance | ||
| Law and Justice | ||||
| Communication and Critique | ||||
| Representation and Negotiation | ||||
| Security and Accord | ||||
| Dialogue and Reconciliation | ||||
| Ethics and Accountability | ||||
| Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al. (2020); Swe (2023) | 1 | Environment and Ecology | Change of Landscape | Land; Sea; Shoreline |
| Ecosystem Function | Biodiversity Loss; Ecosystem Services | |||
| Global Environment Change | Anthropogenic Change; Natural Change | |||
| Hydrodynamic System Changes | Wave and Tides | |||
| Biogeochemistry and Physical Flow | Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Carbon; Freshwater Cycles; Sediment Cycles | |||
| 2 | Economics | Security | Livelihoods; Gender; Employment Patterns | |
| Economic Welfare | Equality; Income; Housing | |||
| Industry | Non-extractive Resources; Extractive Resources | |||
| Addiction Level | Dependency on Coastal Resources; Diversity of Activities | |||
| Infrastructure Condition | Energy Supply; Transport; Access | |||
| 3 | Social and Cultural | Social Benefits | Good and Service; Bathing Water | |
| Demographics | Population (Age, Structure, Trends); Migration (Immigration); Social Class | |||
| Social Well-being | Food and Water Security; Health; Recreation and Access | |||
| Identity | Sense of Place; Sense of Self | |||
| Social Resilience | Vulnerability; Education; Coping | |||
| 4 | Governance and Policy | Organization | Civil Organization; NGOs | |
| Law and Justice | Legislation; Efficacy; Enforcement | |||
| Representation and Power | Political Voice; Government Effectiveness; Other | |||
| Legitimacy and Accountability | Control of Corruption; Other | |||
| Coastal Management | Plans; Management |
The results of previous research conducted by (James, 2015) in Delhi, India and in Melbourne, Australia obtained CCS results using aspects of ecology, economics, culture and politics according to the conditions in each region. As a result, indicators in the ecological aspect have the lowest value compared to other aspects both in Melbourne, Australia compared to ecological conditions in Delhi, India. Environmental damage that occurs in Melbourne is caused by the existence of coal-fired power plants that produce huge greenhouse gas emissions into the air, and this is the largest in the world. Even so, the Australian government continues to try to develop a program for environmental preservation, some of which include turning the desalination plant into a new highway tunnel for cars, and of course economic sustainability. Meanwhile, in Delhi, India, there are problems with the uninhabitable community settlement system. Worsening climatic conditions cause many settlements in Delhi, India to be constantly flooded, damaging infrastructure and agricultural areas. This condition has become more frequent since the large-scale migration that occurred in the 1940s.
Previous research by Idris, Samah et al. (2017) state that environmental changes in Malaysia are influenced by two factors, namely human factors and environmental factors. These factors have the potential to affect the condition of coastal communities. Disaster events such as strong winds and high sea waves can damage environmental infrastructure. In certain areas, soil erosion affects community economic activities such as agricultural production. Uncertain climate change causes instability of several environmental components to affect the activities of coastal communities (Badjeck, Allison et al., 2009).
Based on all these previous studies, it can be concluded that in creating sustainability of coastal settlements and communities it is necessary to consider many aspects, such as the environment, economy, socio-culture and policy. However, the uncertain climate change phenomenon means that the execution of all components and indicators must be adaptive and flexible. The current conditions and characteristics of society and the environment need to be considered. Some indicators may not be suitable for certain environmental conditions, differences in geographic conditions in a country can also influence the level of application of all indicators.
This research generally combines quantitative research methods and qualitative research methods (Mix Method). Primary and secondary data were used to deeply analyze the existing sustainability conditions of Kampong Sentra Bandeng. This method is also referred to as the Triangulation research method, which is an analytical method that refers to a process that helps in improving the credibility and validity of research (Noble and Heale, 2019; Bans-Akutey and Tiimub, 2021). This method allows researchers to combine various methods of analysis with the aim of extracting the required information and critically analyzing the findings. In an effort to produce a CCS framework in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang, this method is used to identify the condition of coastal sustainability components so as to generate in-depth assessment directions to produce planning recommendations.
Methods of sustainability assessmentThe unit of analysis for sustainability assessment is the coastal area (locally referred as Kampong) which is administratively lower than the village. Research data retrieval uses primary and secondary methods based on 2020 and 2022 data. Primary data collection is carried out through a direct observation process in the field to find out the latest existing conditions and conduct structured interviews with business actors or local communities. Meanwhile, secondary data collection utilizes previous research data related to Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang.
The research analysis method generally uses a descriptive method to describe the findings in the field and the results of interviews. The aspect that is the focus of the research is a component of the concept of a sustainable coastal area synthesized from previous research (Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al., 2020; James, 2015). The aspects used consist of environmental aspects, socio-cultural aspects, economic aspects, and government and regulatory aspects. These aspects are then carried out in the assessment process and making a framework using the Circles of Coastal Sustainability (CCS) visualization method. This method is a method designed to assess environmental, social, economic, and political aspects (sustainability aspect) with the aim of achieving a complex understanding of various social and environmental dimensions (James, 2015).
In general, the following are the stages of analysis in determining the CCS framework in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang:
This research is located in Kampong Sentra Bandeng, Tambakrejo Village, Semarang City, Indonesia (See Figure 1). According to the Decree of the Mayor of Semarang Number 050/801/2014, this location is a slum area with a high severity level and has an area of 5.23 hectares. Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is a coastal residential area with the characteristics of local businesses based on milkfish product processing. Processed milkfish production at this location has existed since 1965. However, over time this local economic activity has been disrupted by the high level of environmental degradation, especially due to increasingly severe climate change. The problems that occur in this location are the relatively high density of settlements, damage to environmental infrastructure due to the phenomenon of tidal waves and land subsidence, and the low quality of community life due to the slums experienced.
Previous research conducted by Abidin, Andreas et al. (2013), found that the northern part of Semarang City is still very vulnerable to the phenomenon of land subsidence every year. Figure 2 shows that the coastal area is threatened with continuous decline caused by various factors, both internal and external. The average ground level in the northern part of Semarang City only reaches 0 to (-24) meters. This indicates that the average ground level in the northern part of Semarang City is equal to less than sea level. This causes the severity of disaster events such as tidal floods that damage various coastal infrastructure in the city of Semarang.
Various types of adaptation have been carried out by local communities to maintain survival. A relocation program was once carried out by the Semarang City Government, but with various efforts the community strongly refused to move and only a small portion was relocated to the Flats. The reason why the community refused to be relocated is because of their high dependence on the coastal environment, especially in the economic sector. The principle of economic activities of the fishing community prioritizes proximity to the source of livelihood, which is the sea. This is because this profession requires high knowledge of natural conditions and all supporting elements. The order of community life in coastal settlements is also very homogeneous, so certain changes can damage the characteristics of their community.
The results of research by Abidin, Andreas et al. (2013) also found that there is a high correlation between the level of land subsidence and downstream sedimentation, groundwater abstraction, and an increase in the amount of built-up land, especially towards the coast. Most groundwater extraction occurs in industrial areas, which are often very close to coastal settlements with high building density and activity. In fact, according to Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al. (2020) environmental components, especially the condition of coastal infrastructure, are one of the important benchmarks in creating sustainability in coastal areas, especially for the lives of local communities.
Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is one of the coastal areas affected by natural phenomena such as land subsidence and also tidal flood disaster. The results of shapefile data processing on the level of land subsidence and tidal flood in Figure 2 (Part b) show that Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang has a land subsidence of up to 4 cm every year. The northern area of the village which is closer to the coast has a higher potential for land subsidence compared to the southern area which is closer to the mainland of Semarang City. The high density of population settlements also exacerbates the impact of land subsidence every year. In addition, this location also has a very high level of vulnerability to tidal flooding events, and causes the entire residential area to be submerged by seawater at certain periods each year.
Important facilities such as railroads and roads are also always affected by the tidal flood, which causes the Semarang City government to issue a special budget every year to repair infrastructure affected by the tidal flood. This condition affects the socio-economics of society, one of which is the large burden of repair costs for private residences due to ongoing environmental damage (Yuliastuti, Sariffudin et al., 2023). So far, relocation is not the right solution because coastal communities tend to have a high dependence on the sea. According to Li and Li (2022) environmental conditions will greatly influence the formation of the characteristics of a community so that a sense of dependence on nature is formed.
Figure 3 is a comparison of the environmental conditions of Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang when viewed from satellite images from 2003 and 2022. Based on this comparison, there are differences in environmental conditions at several location points. The northern part of the area that was previously flooded and used as a location for fish farming has now been reclaimed and used as an industrial location. Community settlements are also getting denser and most of them are permanent buildings. In addition, on the west side, it can be seen that there is a drastic decrease in the presence of vegetation along the river. This implies that the loss of vegetation along the river is caused by worsening environmental conditions or is a form of environmental management through watershed cleaning programs, especially for coastal areas. The cleaning is an effort to optimize the performance of the river in storing water so that it can become a catchment area when tidal flooding occurs in residential areas.
The government and local communities may be aware of the high risk of environmental damage that always threatens the coastal area of Semarang City. Therefore, from year to year the existence of reforestation in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is getting higher. One of the most visible is in the former puddle area in the north which has now turned into a water catchment area in the form of green land. In addition, in residential areas, green open spaces and arrangement of ornamental plants in pots are available along residential roads. Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is one of the busy areas in the city of Semarang because it is flanked by railroad tracks and main roads that are always busy with vehicle activities every day. This also causes the importance of reforestation in this area to minimize environmental pollution caused by vehicle activities and industrial activities in the vicinity.
The results of field observations of environmental conditions in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang show the conditions as shown in Figure 4 (Part a). Several residential buildings in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang are still inundated by tidal water. In uninhabited buildings, tidal inundation becomes a source of disease and becomes a location for environmental waste disposal which of course if left unchecked will be harmful to public health. If the sea water is receding, the tidal pool is only as high as an adult's heel, but when the sea water is high the inundation height will increase and paralyze various activities in residential areas. However, the community stated that they are used to this condition and even a natural adaptation process has been formed to deal with the phenomenon of land subsidence and tidal flooding in the location.
Community views and the readiness of coastal communities in dealing with various disasters and environmental changes are needed to create a better living environment (Idris, Samah et al., 2017). Although changes in the coastal environment can be caused by various factors, both human factors and natural factors such as climate change (Cho, 2012; Kajikawa, Yasunari et al., 2012; Razali, Sapuan et al., 2010). This indicates that every community activity in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang also has the potential to cause or even exacerbate the phenomenon of tidal waves and land subsidence that has occurred. Therefore, cooperation and high curiosity must be planted from an early age.
Related to the tidal flood that often occurs in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang, the existence of supporting infrastructure, especially drainage channels, has a very important role. Although the existence of other environmental infrastructure is needed to support the lives of coastal communities. The existence of infrastructure has a main function to encourage the realization of an optimal residential and business environment in accordance with its function, efforts to improve the environment require a balance between the level of community needs (Jayadinata, 1999). Similarly, the development of coastal infrastructure that really needs a balance between the social system, the economic system, and the coastal environmental system.
Coastal infrastructure is the main tool in assisting the process of community activities related to marine and assisting in supporting the lives of fishing communities (Lukman, 1995). Figure 5 shows that relatively large environmental drainage is available in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. However, the main problem is that the available sizes are not sufficient to accommodate the entire flow of water when the peak of the tidal inundation arrives. In addition, the blockage by waste plastic waste accelerates the process of silting up environmental drainage channels.
The results of the 2022 field visit obtained some documentation of the condition of community activities in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. Women work at home to help in the process of stripping shrimp or processing other fish products belonging to certain fish processing companies which are located close to their residences. Usually, they work according to predetermined targets from morning to evening. For housewives, this work can be done while caring for their children (See Figure 4, part c). Fish processing industry workers hope that all forms of development carried out in their villages can have a direct impact on business actors and are sustainable (Syagata, Y. S. and Kurniati, R., 2020).
The characteristics of community businesses in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang are dominated by processed milkfish and shrimp products. These two products make this village one of the leading thematic villages in the city of Semarang and help in the development of the tourism sector, especially in the provision of souvenirs typical of Semarang. Directions for village development and rejuvenation based on joint business groups are the right solution for the harmony of environmental conditions and economic conditions of local communities. Therefore, the components of sustainable development of coastal areas such as environmental sustainability are very influential on the business climate in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang.
Sustainability impact assessment Identification of sustainability impact assessment indicatorsThe implementation of sustainability as stated in the SDG's program finds various obstacles, one of which is due to the imbalance between needs and availability (UN, 2015). Whereas issues related to sustainability are very close to environmental sustainability and saving populations. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically assess the implementation of sustainability and its impact on the community (Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al., 2020).
Table 2 shows the use of four aspects in assessing the condition of sustainability in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang consisting of environmental aspects, socio-cultural aspects, economic aspects, and regulatory aspects. The indicators generated from each aspect are adjusted to the needs and current conditions of the Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang so that they are right on target. Basically, there are many indicators that are possible to be part of the analysis process, but several relevant indicators have been selected to detail the impact they will have on development in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang.
Modification of the finding indicators from Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al. (2020) and Swe (2023), obtained as 20 supporting indicators for assessing the sustainability of coastal areas in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang, which consist of supporting components. The use of 20 indicators in Table 2 is the result of identifying the needs of sustainability analysis at the existing site. Previously, the CCS indicators used in James (2015) research were 28 indicators, but in more recent studies, namely Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al. (2020) and Swe (2023) the 28 indicators were reduced in accordance with current scientific developments. Environmental and economic aspects in general become the most important part in the assessment process, because they are predicted to be able to fully describe the characteristics of local sustainability in accordance with the current issues and problems.
| Aspect | Indicators | Component | Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Environment | Land |
|
A1 |
| Services |
|
A2 | |
| Natural Change |
|
A3 | |
| Climate Change |
|
A4 | |
| Wave and Tides |
|
A5 | |
| B. Socio-Cultural | Recreation and access |
|
B1 |
| Population |
|
B2 | |
| Social Class |
|
B3 | |
| Education |
|
B4 | |
| Employment Patterns |
|
B5 | |
| C. Economic | Equality/Income/Housing |
|
C1 |
| Extractive |
|
C2 | |
| Resource |
|
C3 | |
| Diversity |
|
C4 | |
| Renewable (Non-extractive) |
|
C5 | |
| D. Governance & Policy | Civil and NGOs |
|
D1 |
| Legislation |
|
D2 | |
| Efficacy |
|
D3 | |
| Effectiveness |
|
D4 | |
| Plans and Management |
|
D5 |
Source: Modified Findings from James (2015); Alencar, N. M. P., Tissier, M. L. et al. (2020); Swe (2023)
Community assessment impact on sustainabilityThe problem of environmental damage due to the phenomenon of tidal waves and land subsidence has caused a very large potential in the fisheries business sector, making the environmental and basic economic aspects of conducting interviews with local communities to get to know the research location more closely. The questions given relate to environmental conditions and disasters and their effects on the fishery business production system in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. The results of the interview obtained several conclusions and connotations from the answers of all research sources.
The level of land subsidence and rob is still high, but it only inundates roads and does not reach residential buildings. Based on the results of field observations, inhabited buildings have a good condition but are different from empty buildings which are usually easily flooded and become a source of disease. Although many government programs have been carried out to minimize the negative impacts due to land subsidence and tidal flooding, land subsidence and tidal inundation are still not fully controlled. On the other hand, environmental facilities such as roads and water pumps have been assessed as meeting the needs of local communities.
Regarding environmental aspects, especially in the handling of tidal waves and land subsidence, it produces negative connotations from the community. This shows that in general tidal waves and land subsidence are still environmental factors that greatly affect the lives of local communities, especially in the fisheries business sector. However, the condition of environmental infrastructure is getting better marked by positive connotations from the community about how environmental infrastructure has been able to provide a sense of satisfaction for the development system in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang.
Regarding the production system and fisheries business management, it has positive connotations from the community. This is related to the large role of processed fish product production in supporting the economic development of the community. So far, the business of producing milkfish and shrimp products has become a leading sector that is able to attract local community workers in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. In addition, gender equality by involving women in the production process causes a high level of diversity in this business sector.
On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020 caused the fisheries business sector in this location to drop drastically, even the shrimp processing sector was no longer operating. This is due to the large-scale social restrictions in Indonesia and also the city of Semarang causing a decrease in the number of tourist visits which ultimately has an impact on the decline in market demand for typical Semarang souvenirs such as milkfish products. Kampong Sentra Milkfish is one of the main producers of souvenirs typical of Semarang, especially in processed milkfish products. In addition, public knowledge of the history of the area is also still very minimal. Most of the people currently living in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang are migrants (See Table 3).
| Num | Asp | Topic | Person 1* | Person 2** | Conclusion | Connotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
|
Tidal Flood and Land Subsidence | There is still tidal flood and subsidence of the land, it does not enter the building | There are still tidal flood and subsidence of the land but it does not enter the dwelling. | The incidence of tidal waves and land subsidence is high. |
Negative (-) |
| 2. | Problem |
|
Weather and tidal flooding greatly affect production activities. | Changes in weather and disasters affect production |
Negative (-) |
|
| 3. | Community Satisfaction | Adding tidal flood prevention facilities such as water pumps. | The infrastructure is good. | Disaster infrastructure. | Positive (+) | |
| 4. | Infrastructure Condition | It has been good, especially in the improvement of environmental roads. | It has been able to meet the needs of the community. | Infrastructure has met the needs of the community. |
Positive (+0 |
|
| 5. |
|
Production System |
|
Taking raw materials from one person will then be distributed to each producer. | The production system is clear. |
Positive (+) |
| 6. | Production Quantity | Taking 6 quintals of milkfish per month. | Peeled shrimp about 7 Kg per month. | High production quantity. |
Positive (+) |
|
| 7. | Production Management | Management of production processes by local communities. | One person as a distributor of shrimp ingredients to the surrounding community. | Absorption of local labor. |
Positive [+] |
|
| 8. | Government Programs | There is cooperation between the Semarang City government for the promotion of milkfish products | There is no shrimp production. | Government programs are not evenly distributed. |
Negative\ (-) |
|
| 9. | Business Conditions against the Covid-19 Pandemic | Has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic by up to 25%. | Before Covid-19 production reached 450 kg per month, but after Covid-19 there was no production activity. | A drastic drop in production. |
Negative (-) |
|
| 10. | History of Kampong Bandeng |
|
Not knowing. | Knowledge of the history of the area is minimal. |
Negative (-) |
Source: Author, 2022; Milkfish Business Actors*; Shrimp Business Actors*
Circles of Coastal Sustainability (CCS) is a framework or model used to assess the condition of sustainability in a location and visualize it (James, 2015). After knowing the condition of sustainability in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang in general, then an analysis process using the CCS method was carried out to assess sustainability aspects such as environmental, sociocultural, economic, and government policies. The scale used in conducting the sustainability assessment is 1 to 5 (1 is the lowest score and 5 is the highest score).
a. Environmental Aspect (A1-A5)
In this category, most of the good categories (Figure 5) have a low category, while the influence given to the economic activity of Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang (Figure 6) has a fairly strong level of influence.
b. Socio-Cultural Aspect (B1-B5)
In this category, the resulting sustainability conditions have a satisfactory to unsatisfactory value (Figure 5). However, in assessing the level of influence that can be given to economic activity in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang, the results show that the average influence is low (See Figure 6).
c. Economic Aspect (C1-C5)
On the economic aspect which is one of the main aspects in the application of the concept of sustainability in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. According to Septanti, Santoso et al. (2023), coastal communities must have the ability to upgrade skills and talents in an effort to stabilize economic conditions. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show that the implementation and influence of the economic aspect is very large in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. This is because the main activity at this location is in the form of fishery production such as milkfish and shrimp, so that the economic aspect is closely related to the existing conditions.
d. Government & Policy Aspect (D1-D5)
On the government and policy aspects related to programs that have been implemented or are being planned in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. Figure 5 shows that the average value of the implementation of this aspect ranges from the sufficient to poor category. Meanwhile, its influence on community economic activity has an average value of influential to very influential (See Figure 6).
The need to understand the condition of sustainability of various aspects of life in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is very important to create a new strategy for coastal area planning. This is because the sustainability of coastal areas and community welfare is very complex and these steps are very important to take to help make good decisions between the two (Bowen, Kress et al., 2014). Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang as a location that has major problems in the balance between environmental conditions and economic activities of the community really needs comprehensive steps that are in accordance with current conditions. Similarly, CCS in Delhi, India and Melbourne, Australia have found problems between environmental sustainability and economic activity. Poor environmental systems can directly impact the quality of life of the community.
The CSS method does not fully formulate policies that can be applied to solve sustainability problems in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. However, CSS can provide an overview of appropriate steps based on the current condition of the coastal area as input or input for the next policy formulation in the coastal area of Semarang City, especially Kampong Sentra Bandeng. The results of CSS analysis show that the 20 indicators have complex conditions when viewed as a unified concept of coastal area sustainability. This is because in an effort to implement sustainability in a location, various aspects need to be seen so that the approach taken is not wrong.
Environmental aspects such as land changes and climate change that cause tidal disasters and severe land subsidence in coastal areas are one of the most important and most influential factors for economic activity in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. Therefore, the value of the resulting sustainability condition has the lowest average compared to other aspects, namely it has an average assessment result of 1 (very bad) while the impact given to economic activity is included in the very high category (scale value 5). The implication that can be concluded from this finding is that the higher the environmental damage experienced, the more it will affect the economic activities of the community in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang.
The objective of this research has generally been answered, namely that the level of sustainability of the coastal area of Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang is still poor, especially in the aspect of environmental sustainability, which is strongly influenced by the phenomenon of climate change. Weak handling of climate change impacts has resulted in environmental aspects causing severe degradation of coastal settlements and infrastructure. As a result, the development of the fisheries economic sector, especially milkfish processing, has weakened. This is in line with the results of the CCS assessment, which shows that the income indicator is categorized as poor.
Even so, this study still has shortcomings in the pattern of data use which is less detailed and has not narrowed down to the magnitude of the influence between aspects and between indicators. Perhaps further research can use the Liner Regression method to see how much influence each aspect has on the condition of coastal sustainability in Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang. Therefore, the next research can conduct an analysis related to the level of influence of environmental aspects on economic aspects in the coastal area of Kampong Sentra Bandeng Semarang to find a better sustainability strategy. As stated by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the Santos, Deus et al. (2021), the method of assessing various indicators can be used for further research with the aim of knowing the development of sustainable elements of a region's development.
Conceptualization, R.K., and R.W.; methodology, R.K., and S.P.D.; software, R.W., and E.K.S.; investigation, S.P.D.; resources, E.K.S.; data curation, R.K.; writing—original draft preparation, R.K., S.P.D., R.W., and E.K.S.; writing—review and editing, R.K., S.P.D., R.W., and E.K.S.; supervision, R.K., and R.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.
The authors would like to thank the Diponegoro University for funding this study. We also would like thank to Ms. Salsabilla Fikha Savitri for help in data compilation. Any flaw or weakness is the responsibility of the authors.
This research was funded by the Diponegoro University for the 2022 budget year in accordance with the Rector's decision Number 374/UN7.P/HK/2022 with the research contract number 225-37/UN7.6.1/PP/2022.
