Abstract
South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia, have been known since the 17th century as the best nutmeg production areas in the world. However, this area has no legally declared Geographical Indication (GI) for nutmeg. As a result, the world has yet to recognise this fact because there is no acknowledgment, and it is not recorded in the form of regional intellectual property rights, known as GIs. This paper analyses the requirements and the allocation areas based on the suitability and spatial planning of South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency for GI determination for nutmeg. Land suitability and spatial planning, field data collection for existing nutmeg plants, and geographic information system analysis were employed for GI determination. The results show that the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg have actual land suitability as suitable, moderately suitable, and marginally suitable. The area is ideal with a small proportion being moderately suitable. From the spatial planning point of view, the proposed GI coverage is 69,469.21 hectares. The location of the nutmeg plants in Southwest Aceh Regency occupies 27.71% of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie's proposed GI area for nutmeg. The proposed GI nutmeg area matches 6.69% of the spatial pattern of South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency. The determination of GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg is biophysical, and spatial planning is appropriate to fulfil the requirements for GIs of the area. The approach for determining GIs using land suitability and spatial planning of the regencies has shown the determination of potential GIs for the area.
Introduction
In recent decades, it has become a concern of industries to recognise a specific location or product that has uniqueness belonging to a community or area using Geographical Indications (GIs) (Marie-Vivien and Biénabe, 2017; Tashiro, Uchiyama et al., 2018b). A region's uniqueness is an essential asset in maintaining the existence of a territory against the claims of other areas that produce similar products. This uniqueness must be protected so that the area can develop and advance itself without any concern regarding the claims of other producers or areas. This is in accordance with applicable laws in Indonesia and also by the World Trade Organization (Cei, Stefani et al., 2021; Prescott, Pilato et al., 2020; Taubman, Wager et al., 2020). The level of protection is extensive, going beyond protection against unfair competition (Prescott, Pilato et al., 2020). This uniqueness must be protected for the GI owner's benefit. The World Trade Organization agrees that all products are covered by Article 22, which defines a standard level of protection standards concerning the availability, scope, and use of intellectual property rights (Tashiro, Uchiyama et al., 2018a; Taubman, Wager et al., 2020). GIs must be protected to avoid misleading the public and prevent unfair competition worldwide. Indonesia's archipelago has unique areas or regions that must be recognised globally through GIs, including nutmeg plantations and their products.
It is acknowledged that a specific region in Indonesia has geographical factors that may affect determining elements in shaping the quality, reputation, or particular characteristics of a good or product that will receive protection with GIs (Indonesia, 2016; Kusuma and Roisah, 2022). So far, only 56 items have been registered for GIs with the Indonesia Intellectual Property Rights Office (Masrur, 2018), but not included are the nutmeg plantations in the Tapaktuan-Blang Pidie area of South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regency, even though this area has been recognised as a nutmeg production area for Indonesia for centuries, since Roman times (Jalurrempah, 2021).
Determining GIs is not only determined by formal legal aspects but also by looking at regional biophysical factors and policies that local governments have carried out in realising their desire that a location can be determined as a geographical indication area. Two things that need to be proposed in proposing GIs are aspects of land suitability (Djaenudin, Hidayat et al., 2003), including the area's biophysical conditions, and the area's inclusion in spatial planning.
Land suitability is essential for determining the level of success of a cultivation. In land suitability studies, suitability is related to the biophysical characteristics of an area, which determines the level of success of cultivated plants (Bodaghabadi, Faskhodi et al., 2019; Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, Nabiollahi et al., 2020). Meanwhile, spatial planning is very important in Indonesia to plan development and the documents required for implementation (Simamora and Sarjono, 2022). Thus, spatial planning endeavours to harmonise and enhance the effects of various sector-specific policies on land utilisation, aiming to attain a more equitable dispersion of economic progress across a designated region compared to what market dynamics alone would produce. Consequently, spatial planning assumes a crucial role in advancing sustainability and enhancing the standard of living, making it a pivotal function in these endeavours (Friedmann, 2005; Gomes, Banos et al., 2022; Yoshida, Yamagata et al., 2020).
These two aspects need to be considered in order to propose GIs of an area. Also, some requirements should be met in order to register a product for a GI. The most crucial aspect is the physical condition of an area that affects the land suitability for use based on land use requirements (FAO, 1976) and according to the development planning of a region in terms of its long-term development (Peng, Zhao et al., 2022). These two aspects had to be taken into consideration for the Tapaktuan-Blangpidie area that has initiated registration of GIs for nutmeg since 2017, but until now, this has not yet been realised due to the requirement of the GIs not being fulfilled, even though this area has been known for its nutmeg production for decades. Nutmeg is a type of spice plant that thrives in Indonesia. Nutmeg is also one of Indonesia's most significant export commodities; around 60% of the world's nutmeg needs are supplied from Indonesia (Kompas . com, 2022). The dominant nutmeg-producing areas in Indonesia are Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Java, West Sumatra, Papua, and Aceh (Aceh, 2020).
In Aceh Province, the primary producers of nutmeg are South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency. Still, the world has not recognised this fact because there is no acknowledgment, and it is not recorded in the form of regional intellectual property rights, known as GIs (Aceh, 2020). This situation needs to be analysed for factors causing nutmeg to not yet have GI property right recognition in the area, even though South and Southwest Aceh Regency have been part of long-term spatial planning arrangements for the development of their regions. This research assesses why this area is not yet registered as a GI for nutmeg, whether it is because land for this is not suitable or what the level of suitability of this area for nutmeg may be. This paper examines the GI requirement for nutmeg of South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regency by analysing their land suitability and spatial planning approach to identify factors that affect the GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg.
History of Tapaktuan – Blangpidie nutmeg area
Even though Tapaktuan and Blangpidie are known as nutmeg growing areas, the history of nutmeg in this region is that it is not originally from these areas. The origin of nutmeg is from other islands, Moluccas or Maluku. The Moluccas, one of the areas in the eastern part of Indonesia, was initially the centre of origin of nutmeg plants with high diversity in Indonesia. The nutmeg plant is one of the spice plants that became highly desired by the nations that came to Indonesia in the past, including during the Portuguese colonization in 1511. Seeds and mesocarp were brought to mainland Europe and sold very cheaply and the activity attracted other nations to come to Indonesia. In 1600, the VOC, a Dutch Company established in 1602, controlled the spice trade in the Moluccas (Isnaeni, 2015). J.P. Zoen Coen placed the people entrusted with managing the nutmeg forests under his purview. By all efforts, this cropped area was restricted; in 1627, inhabitants were forbidden to grow crops other than those stipulated by the VOC, and old ones also had to be cut down.
In the trading community, nutmeg was developed into the North Sulawesi area, Minahasa and Sangir Talaud Islands, West Sumatra, and Bengkulu in 1748, followed by Java, Aceh, and Lampung (Marihandono and Kanumoyoso, 2016). During the British rule, the nutmeg plant was spread in some of its colonies but failed to establish. In Malaysia, the industry was dominated by rubber, and the small island of West India was well-suited, so this area became Indonesia's rival in the export of nutmeg worldwide.
Nutmeg plants are famous for their seeds and mesocarp, classified as spices, to improve the taste of food or drinks. Apart from being a spice producer, nutmeg plants can also produce essential oils widely used in the canning, beverage, and cosmetic industries. Since long ago, it has been a dominant export commodity of Indonesia, occupying 70-75% of the total exports of world nutmeg products. However, until now, even though the regencies have not been known for nutmeg production, traders worldwide consider the area is not recognised like Moluccas and other areas in Indonesia. The history of growing nutmeg was known locally before Indonesia’s independence, and nutmeg is one of the commodities that attracted westerners to come to Aceh (Ifdhal, 2022).
Initiating geographical indications for the Tapaktuan- Blangpidie area
By definition, GIs are a designation applied to products from a specific geographical region and possessing characteristics or a reputation inherently linked to that particular place of origin. The designation must indicate that the product originates from a specific location to be recognised as a GI (WIPO, 2015). Thus, GIs are a sign that indicate the area of origin of an item or product that, due to geographical, environmental factors including natural factors, human factors, or a combination of these two factors, gives reputation, quality, and specific characteristics to the goods and products produced (Indonesia, 2016; Park and Kim, 2007). Furthermore, Article 56 of Law Number 20 of 2016 of Indonesia defines GIs as an indication or identity of an item originating from a specific region or regional place that shows the existence of quality, reputation, and characteristics, including natural factors and human factors that are used to express the quality of the goods.
GIs serve as a sign representing the area of origin of an item, which, due to geographical and environmental factors, including natural factors, human factors, or a combination of both factors, imparts specific characteristics and qualities to the goods produced (Intelektual, 2018; Karim and Basri, 2012), meaning that GIs should be protected. The protection of GIs aims to preserve these peculiarities from counterfeiting or improper utilisation while providing opportunities and protection to the people of the region producing the specific product. In addition, the security of GIs is also beneficial for consumers because it guarantees product quality (Effida, Susilowati et al., 2015; Yessiningrum, 2015). Legal protection will safeguard GI goods and products from counterfeit goods, i.e. similar products produced outside or within the GIs area but with lower quality and marketed under the same name. Counterfeiting can negatively impact an item and product because counterfeit goods and/or products are often cheaper and of poor quality. Counterfeit goods and/or products that do not have unique qualities and characteristics, such as genuine goods and/or products, should be avoided to protect the genuine products based on their geographic origin.
GI protection must safeguard the characteristics of a product produced by the local community so that other parties cannot use it for an unfair advantage (Karim and Basri, 2012). The protection of GIs for nutmeg plants originating from South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency is considered due to natural factors, namely slope conditions, altitude, soil type, and existing conditions of nutmeg plants, as well as human factors in the form of techniques and methods of nutmeg cultivation in South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency, where nutmeg plants are produced with special characteristics and qualities that cannot be found in other areas even though the products made are otherwise the same.
In addition, there is no explanation regarding the suitability of land use for nutmeg plants according to the spatial planning of the South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency. Based on the documents of the Regency Spatial Planning of South Aceh Regency in 2016-2036 and Southwest Aceh Regency in 2013-2033, the spatial allocation in the Regency includes the allotment of space for cultivation areas, and the distribution of space for protected areas has been outlined in the development planning document. Therefore, analysing the factors that affect GIs from the spatial planning and suitability point of view is essential.
Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing data can be utilised to accelerate the region's GI process not only for plants in general, but also for nutmeg (Das, 2010; Marie-Vivien and Biénabe, 2017; Yulianto and Purnama, 2019) based on the land suitability for nutmeg plants and Regency Spatial Planning requirements (Dengiz, 2013). Many studies have been conducted using GIS for accurate mapping processes such as for green open space (Purwohandoyo, Reinhart et al., 2023) and for regional planning (Cei, Stefani et al., 2021; KE, 1993).
Land suitability assessment
Land suitability evaluation is a crucial factor in assessing the appropriateness of land for growing specific crops (FAO, 1976; Maulana and Kanai, 2022). It involves assessing whether the desired product can thrive on the land. There are multiple methods available for gauging land suitability. The outcomes of this land evaluation will serve as essential guidance for cultivating the intended crops. As one aspect considered for promoting the GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie Nutmeg, land suitability assessment needs to be carried out to understand, to the full extent, the relevant information for the proposed GIs.
Land suitability assessment estimates the degree of land suitability for various land use alternatives (FAO, 1983; Hashim, Jaya et al., 2002; Manikandan, Kannan et al., 2013; Rossiter, 1996). In this case, it is aimed at the use of agricultural land. Land suitability assessment can be carried out manually or computerised. When computerised, the assessment and processing of large amounts of data can be carried out quickly, where the accuracy of the assessment is primarily determined by the quality of the available data and the accuracy of the assumptions used (Rossiter, 1996). The land suitability assessment system initiated by FAO (FAO, 1976) has been used for various land use assessments based on land qualities/characteristics with land use requirements for plant growth. The land evaluation system used, which continues to be developed at the Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Centre (Djaenudin, Hidayat et al., 2003), uses a matching system to match the quality of the land/land characteristics with the land use requirements for agricultural commodities to be developed.
Land suitability assessment requires the physical properties of land/soil and the environment to be broken down into land quality, where each land quality may consist of one or more land characteristics (FAO, 1983). Data on the nature of land/soil and environmental properties can be obtained from surveys and soil mapping results. According to FAO (FAO, 1976), land suitability is divided into four level categories to determine limiting factors that affect plant growth and productivity from general to specific limiting factors: order, class, sub-class, and unit. The order indicates the general state of conformity; class indicates the degree of conformity. Sub-class indicates the state of the levels in a class based on the type of limiter or the kind of repair required, and unit indicates the level in a sub-class based on minor differences that affect its management.
Research Methods
Headings2 used here
The study was conducted in the South and Southwest Aceh Regency of Aceh Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). These locations were surveyed for nutmeg plantations. Spatial data analysis was conducted at the Remote Sensing and Cartography Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. This research was carried out from January 2021 to March 2022. Geographically, South Aceh Regency is located at 02°23'24" - 03°44'24" North Latitude and 96°57'36" - 97°56'24" East Longitude, with the capital city being Tapaktuan. As for the Southwest Aceh Regency, the capital city is Blangpidie, geographically located at 03°34'24" - 04°05'37" North Latitude and 96°34'57" - 97°09'19" East Longitude. It is essential to determine the location and its border to make sure the site is easy to locate for GI identification to fulfil the requirement of the uniqueness of the area for nutmeg plantations.
The area of South Aceh Regency is 4,173.82 km2, and Southwest Aceh Regency is 1,882.05 km2. South Aceh consists of 18 sub-districts, 43 mukim, and 260 villages, while Southwest Aceh Regency consists of 9 sub-districts, 20 mukim, and 132 villages. The population of South Aceh is experiencing population growth every year. In 2020, the population was 232,400 people, while the population of Southwest Aceh in 2020 was 150,775 people. Based on land use, the most extensive land use in South Aceh is land used for dryland agriculture (9.51% of the total area of South Aceh). In Southwest Aceh Regency, the dominant land use is forest (6.9% of the entire province of Southwest Aceh).
The South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regency have a tropical climate. The average rainfall of South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regencies ranges from 2000–4000 mm/year, and the highest rainfall reaches >3500mm/year with an average rainfall of 3,785.5 mm per year. South Aceh and Southwest Aceh regencies are classified into type A–1 (Schmidt-Fergusson climate classification), with the average temperatures ranging from 28°C–34ºC. The dominant vegetation of the area is forest and mixed plantation within the cultivated area.
Mapping process and GIs delineations
The mapping process for GI delineation is a crucial step. It involves detailed data collected from the field and ancillary data from other sources, especially from the local government. The mapping process involves the identification of boundaries and the key elements to put on the map, as well as decision variables of map elements for spatial analysis (Albacete, Pasanen et al., 2012). Creating thematic maps begins with classifying nutmeg plantations using visual on-screen classification of high-resolution satellite images of three types of imagery obtained from ArcGIS imagery available at:
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html, Bing Maps Satellite, open, at:
https://www.bing.com/maps?q=&FORM=HDRSC4
, and BirdsEye image is available at:
https://www.garmin.com/en-US/company/about-garmin.
The process was started with a digitisation process carried out after a field survey to obtain coordinate points using a global positioning system device. The coordinate points obtained from the field survey were then transferred to the selected imagery of the location on the screen to delineate existing nutmeg plantations. If an area exhibited the same or almost the same appearance, pattern, colour, texture, and shadow as the nutmeg plantation, the coordinate points were collected, and the area was then classified and digitised as a nutmeg plantation. This work was conducted to create a map of the existing nutmeg in the South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency. Other thematic maps such as soil type, altitude, and slope were previously obtained and registered with WGS standard 84, and overlay processes were initiated using union rules.
The map of initial GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg was then obtained from the overlay process between the slope map, the altitude map, the soil type map, and the existing nutmeg areas previously delineated. The map of GIs for Tapaktuan - Blangpidie nutmeg was then overlaid with the South Aceh Regency Spatial Pattern Map for 2016-2036 and Southwest Aceh Regency for 2013-2033 to obtain a map of the suitability between the GI Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg and the map of Spatial Pattern for the South Aceh Regency in 2016-2036 and Southwest Aceh Regency in 2013-2033. The results of the analysis of the GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg overlaid on the spatial maps were then analysed to see which areas were following the allotment of space allowed for planting nutmeg. As for the location of geographically indicated / GI nutmeg, which is included in a protected area, recommendations are given so that the GI nutmeg environment continues to be sustainable. The analysis results are then calculated in units of measurement and percentage. The stages in this research are presented in Figure 2.
Field survey, soil sample collection (land unit, site horizon, and composite), and verification of land use maps, land and forest status, and spatial pattern maps were conducted. Delineation in the field verified land cover, and analysis of soil samples (physics and chemistry) was conducted at the Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University.
Land suitability assessment for nutmeg plantation
Qualitative land evaluation, which produces nutmeg land suitability classes based on land units or area blocks, was performed. Land suitability assessment requires field data such as soil characteristics, slope and elevation, and climate data. Land suitability is the degree of suitability of a piece of land for a particular use. The suitability of the land can be assessed for the condition of land resources before the land is given the necessary inputs to overcome obstacles (actual land suitability) or after improvements (potential land suitability) (Rossiter, 1996), and spatial planning should be considered (Peng, Zhao et al., 2022). Technical criteria of land suitability for nutmeg quantitatively referred to the FAO Framework (FAO, 1976). In this study, we used modified FAO criteria of land suitability class (Djaenudin, Hidayat et al., 2003), which consists of:
-
1.
Class S1: Highly Suitable. Land with this class does not have a severe barrier to implementing the management needed or only has a meaningless limiter, has no natural effect on land productivity, and will not increase the need for inputs that have been commonly given.
-
2.
Class S2: Suitable. The land has rather serious barriers to maintaining the management level that must be applied. Existing limiting factors will reduce land productivity as well as reduce the level of profit and increase the necessary inputs.
-
3.
Class S3: Marginally Suitable. Land in this class has severe barriers to maintaining the level of management. The input level exceeds the needs required by lands with an S2 level of conformity, although it is still within the limits of average conditions.
-
4.
Class N: Not Suitable. Land in this class has a permanent limiting factor, thus preventing any possibility of land development for a particular use. This limiting factor cannot be corrected with a normal input rate. The suitability criteria for nutmeg are presented in Table 2.
Eight composite samples of the selected locations from the field during the survey were collected to analyse the suitability and are symbolised as AL-I, RB-I, BH-I, BH-II, JP-I, JA-I, PK-I, and PK-II representing the various soil types and altitudes of the locations. Field surveys and collection of soil samples (land units, site horizons, and composites) were conducted to verify land use maps, land and forest status, and spatial pattern maps, which were delineated in the field to verify land cover. Soil samples were analysed (physics and chemistry) at the Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University.
Table 1. Technical criteria for land suitability for nutmeg (
Myristika fragrance Houtt)
| No.
|
Parameter
|
Suitability Class
|
N
|
| S1
|
S2
|
S3
|
| 1 |
Climate |
|
|
|
|
| Average Temperature (oC)
|
25-30 |
30-34 |
- |
>34 |
|
20-23 |
- |
<20 |
| 2 |
Water availability (wa) |
|
|
|
|
| Rainfall (mm) |
2.000 - 2.500 |
2.500 - 3.000 |
3.000 - 4.000
1.500 - 2.000
|
< 1.500
> 4.000
|
|
|
|
|
| Moisture (%) |
60 - 80 |
- |
- |
< 50,> 100 |
| Long dry period (month) |
- |
1-2 |
- |
>2 |
| 3 |
Oxygen availability (oa) |
|
|
|
|
| Drainage |
Good, medium |
Somewhat hampered |
Hampered, rather quick |
Very hampered, fast |
| 4 |
Root media (rc) |
|
|
|
|
| Texture |
Quite rough, being rather delicate, delicate |
- |
Rough, very smooth |
Rough |
| Rough material (%) |
<15 |
15-35 |
35-55 |
>55 |
| Soil depth (cm) |
>100 |
75-100 |
50-75 |
<50 |
| 5 |
Peat |
|
|
|
|
| Thickness (cm) |
<60 |
60-140 |
140-200 |
>200 |
| Thickness (cm), if there is a trace of mineral material |
<140 |
140-200 |
200-400 |
>400 |
| Maturity |
Saprik*
|
Saprik, hemik*
|
Hemik, fibrik*
|
Fibrik |
| 6 |
Nutrient retention (nr) |
|
|
|
|
| CEC Clay (cmol) |
>16 |
≤16 |
- |
- |
| Alkaline saturation (%) |
>50 |
35-50 |
<35 |
- |
| pH H2O
|
5,0-7,0 |
7,0-8,0 |
>8,0 |
- |
|
|
- |
4,0-5,0 |
<4,0 |
- |
| C-organic (%) |
>0,4 |
≤0,4 |
- |
- |
| 7 |
Toxicity (xc) |
|
|
|
|
| Salinity (dS/m) |
<5 |
5-8 |
8-10 |
>10 |
| 8 |
Sodicity (xn) |
|
|
|
|
| Alkalinity/EP (%) |
<10 |
10-15 |
15-20 |
>20 |
| 9 |
Erosion Hazards (eh) |
|
|
|
|
| Erosion Hazards (%) |
<8 |
8-16 |
16-30 |
>30 |
| Erosion Hazards |
Very low |
Low-medium |
Severe |
Very severe |
| 10 |
Flood Hazard (FH) |
|
|
|
|
| Puddle |
F0 |
- |
F1 |
>F1 |
| 11 |
Land preparation (lp) |
|
|
|
|
| Rocks on the surface (%) |
<5 |
5-15 |
15-40 |
>40 |
| Rock outcrops (%) |
<5 |
5-15 |
15-40 |
>40 |
Source : Djaenudin, Hidayat et al. (2003)
Note: S1=very suitable, S2=moderately suitable, S3=marginally suitable, N=not suitable
Headings2 used here
Spatial planning is part of strategic planning (Granqvist, Mattila et al., 2021; Ziafati Bafarasat, 2015), and must be a component of regional planning for both medium and long-term development at the national, provincial, and regency government levels. At the regency level, a spatial planning document is prepared and legally endorsed by the regency government and the local council. The regency spatial planning serves as a general spatial plan for the regency area, elaborating on the Aceh Provincial Spatial Planning. It includes objectives, policies, strategies for spatial planning of the regency area, determination of regency strategic areas, directions for the use of regency space, and provisions for controlling the use of the regency’s spatial area (Government of South Aceh, 2016).
The spatial planning document must be prepared by the local government and serves as guidelines for the development planning of the local government. Thus, every local government must have this document as stipulated by Indonesian regulations. Once officially published, the spatial planning for a regency is aligned with the directives set by provincial and national spatial planning frameworks. This spatial planning document must not only exist but also consistently play a pivotal role within regional development plans. However, at certain periods of time, the spatial planning direction must be evaluated to accommodate any distortion or change direction of planning implementation. This change is called a spatial planning review.
The Regency spatial planning serves as a direction for spatial structure and pattern, resource utilization, regional development, and an alignment of national, provincial, and bordering district/city spatial planning policies (Lian, 2018). The Regency Spatial Planning also serves as a guideline in preparing the Regency's medium-term and long-term development plans.
The spatial pattern plan for the South Aceh Regency consists of protected areas and cultivation areas. Thus, this study uses regency spatial planning to determine the suitability of the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg of the South and Southwest Aceh regencies. The spatial structure and space allocation derived from regency spatial planning, together with regional function direction maps, were carefully analysed and overlaid with the existing nutmeg plant map to see any distortion or exceeded land allocation for cultivation as mentioned in the document, being the proportion of land allocation for plantation, especially for nutmeg.
Results
Land characteristics of proposed GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg
The proposed GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg need to consider the biophysical characteristics of the area. The land characteristics and quality variables, such as slopes, altitude, soil types, and community customs, need to be known. These characteristics' data have been analysed using an overlaid process to produce a thematic map of proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie Nutmeg. These thematic data were derived from the mapping process. The result shows that the proposed GI nutmeg area is 69,469.21ha. The biophysical condition of the proposed Tapaktuan - Blangpidie GI nutmeg area consists of five slope classes (Table 2, Figure 3), the altitude range is 0 - 1600 meters above sea level (Table 3, Figure 4), and five soil types (Table 4,Figure 6).
Table 2. Slope class of
Tapaktuan - Blangpidie nutmeg area
| No.
|
Regency
|
Class
|
Area (ha)
|
%
|
| 1 |
South Aceh |
<8% |
12,272.61 |
12.77 |
| 2 |
8% - 15% |
20,035.62 |
20.85 |
| 3 |
16% - 25% |
31,174, 95 |
2.44 |
| 4 |
26% - 40% |
4,985.83 |
5.19 |
| 5 |
>40% |
1,000.20 |
1.04 |
| Total |
69,469.21 |
72.29 |
| 6 |
Southwest Aceh |
<8% |
5,782.10 |
6.02 |
| 7 |
8% - 15% |
7,800.62 |
8.12 |
| 8 |
16% - 25% |
10,575.31 |
11.00 |
| 9 |
26% - 40% |
1,531.20 |
1.59 |
| 10 |
>40% |
939.81 |
0.98 |
| Total |
26,629.04 |
27.71 |
| Total Area |
96,098.24 |
100 |
Source: Calculation of existing slope map of South Aceh and Blang Pidie Regency (2020).
Table 2 shows that the highest area of nutmeg plantation is in the gentle slope area (8-15%), accounting for 20.85% of the total area, followed by flat areas (0-8%), occupying 12.77% of the total nutmeg area in the regions. The rest of the area is less than 10% of the nutmeg area of the region. 72.29% of the area is located in South Aceh Regency, while in Southwest Aceh Regency, 27.71% of the area has nutmeg plants. Figure 4 depicts the distribution of the slope proposed as a GI of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg.
Table 3. Altitude classes of
Tapaktuan – Blangpidie GIs proposed for nutmeg
| No.
|
District
|
Elevation (m asl)
|
Area (ha)
|
%
|
| 1 |
South Aceh |
0 - 200 |
12,935.05 |
13.46 |
| 2 |
200 - 400 |
15,549.58 |
16.18 |
| 3 |
400 - 600 |
13,885.82 |
14.45 |
| 4 |
600 - 800 |
2,196.73 |
12.69 |
| 5 |
800 - 1000 |
9,153.14 |
9.52 |
| 6 |
1000 - 1200 |
4,803.19 |
5.00 |
| 7 |
1200 - 1400 |
919.57 |
0.96 |
| 8 |
1400 - 1600 |
26.13 |
0,03 |
| Total |
69,469.21 |
72.29 |
| 1 |
Southwest Aceh |
0 - 200 |
7,477.23 |
7.78 |
| 2 |
400 - 600 |
5,835.18 |
6.07 |
| 3 |
600 - 800 |
3,774.21 |
3.93 |
| 4 |
800 - 1000 |
1,515.14 |
1.58 |
| 5 |
1000 - 1200 |
208.77 |
0.22 |
| 6 |
1200 - 1400 |
22.04 |
0.02 |
| Total |
26,629.04 |
27.71 |
| Total area for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie GI nutmeg
|
96,098.24 |
100.00 |
Table 3 indicates the distribution of nutmeg plantations in regions less than 800 meters above sea level.
Table 4. Soil type for proposed GIs of Tapaktuan – Blangpidie nutmeg
| No.
|
Regency
|
Soil Type
|
Area (ha)
|
%
|
| 1 |
South Aceh |
Andosol |
186.53 |
0.19 |
| 2 |
Red-yellow Podzolic Complex, Latosol, and Litosol |
49.84 |
0.05 |
| 3 |
Complex Renzina and Litosol |
3,649.27 |
3.80 |
| 4 |
Red-yellow Podzolic |
65,583.57 |
68.25 |
| Total |
69,469.21 |
72.29 |
| 5 |
Southwest Aceh |
Red-yellow Podzolic Complex, |
10,903.64 |
11.35 |
| 6 |
Latosol and Litosol Organosol and Gle Humus |
7,792.14 |
8.11 |
| 7 |
Red-yellow Podzolic |
7,933.26 |
8.26 |
| Total |
26,629.04 |
27.71 |
| Total area for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie GI nutmeg |
96,098.24 |
100.00 |
The dominant soil type in the study area is red-yellow podzolic, both in South and Southwest Aceh regencies, occupying approximately 77% of the area. The distribution of soil types in the study area is presented in Figure 5.
Existing nutmeg plantations
The field survey and remote sensing data interpretation of nutmeg, as well as on-screen visual classification, indicate that existing nutmeg plants are distributed in both South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency, as shown in Table 5. The spatial distribution of each region is depicted in Figure 6 and Figure 7.
Table 5. Existing nutmeg plantation area by districts of South Aceh and Southwest Aceh regencies
| No.
|
Regency
|
District
|
Area (ha)
|
%
|
| 1 |
South Aceh |
Kluet Tengah |
8,511.92 |
8.86 |
| 2 |
Kluet Timur |
5.38 |
0.01 |
| 3 |
Kluet Utara |
2,484.67 |
2.59 |
| 4 |
Labuhan Haji |
2,643.31 |
2.75 |
| 5 |
Labuhan Haji Barat |
2,097.80 |
2.18 |
| 6 |
Labuhan Haji Timur |
3,643.72 |
3.79 |
| 7 |
Meukek |
13,616.60 |
14.17 |
| 8 |
Pasie Raja |
6,466.06 |
6.73 |
| 9 |
Samadua |
8,214.13 |
8.55 |
| 10 |
Sawang |
12,634.05 |
13.15 |
| 11 |
Tapaktuan |
9,151.56 |
9.52 |
| Total |
69,469.21 |
72.29 |
| 12 |
Southwest Aceh |
Babah Rot |
3,636.94 |
3.78 |
| 13 |
Blang Pidie |
6,821.24 |
7.10 |
| 14 |
Jeumpa |
3,896.13 |
4.05 |
| 15 |
Kuala Batee |
5,968.05 |
6.21 |
| 16 |
Lembah Sabil |
445.96 |
0.46 |
| 17 |
Manggeng |
392.22 |
0.41 |
| 18 |
Setia |
2.819.18 |
2.93 |
| 19 |
Tangan-Tangan |
2,649.32 |
2.76 |
| Total |
26,629.04 |
27.71 |
| Total Existing Area of Nutmeg Plantations |
96,098,24 |
100.00 |
Table 5 shows that proportionally, the area of nutmeg plants in Southwest Aceh Regency is 26,630.41 hectares (27.71%) of the total area of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie proposed for GI nutmeg. The largest area is in Blang Pidie, and the smallest is in Manggeng district. Meanwhile, the total area of nutmeg plants in South Aceh Regency is 69,465.23 hectares (72.29%) of the surveyed area, with the largest area in the Meukek district and the smallest in the East Kluet district. Figure 7 shows the result of existing nutmeg plants within the protected area and cultivated area of proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg.
According to the spatial planning division and protected and cultivated areas, the existing nutmeg plantation occupies both protected and cultivated areas, accounting for 40,517.52 hectares (42.2%) and 55,578.54 hectares (57.8%). This result indicates that more nutmeg areas are within the protected area, however within the protected area, some nutmeg plantations are allowed by regulation as forestry trees as long as they are maintained as forestry trees and not to be cleared.
With the existing nutmeg plantation in the proposed GIs totalling 96,098.24 hectares, both within protected areas and cultivated areas (Figure 6), the combined map of existing nutmeg (Figure 7) indicates that more than 50 percent of the proposed GI area is dominated by nutmeg plantation. This indicates that the presence of nutmeg plants within the designated location proposed for Geographical Indications (GIs) has surpassed the allocated area percentage. Geographically, the designation of this area as a GI region complies with the regional planning prerequisites and has fulfilled the requirement for GIs (Indonesia, 2016) and will be part of registered GIs in Indonesia (Masrur, 2018).
Nutmeg Suitability assessment result
The results of the land suitability assessment for the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg in terms of the region's biophysical aspects and the soil fertility assessment results are presented in Table 5 and Table 6. Table 5 shows that the suitability level for nutmeg in the proposed GI areas of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie is dominated by marginal and moderate suitability (S3 and S2, respectively). From point 1 until point 7, very suitable conditions are found at two sample points (points 7 and 8).
Table 6. Summary of actual land suitability of proposed GI areas for
Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg
| Point No.
|
Symbol
|
Suitability Level
|
Information
|
| 1 |
AL-I |
S3n |
Marginal following the limiting factor n (saturation)
|
| 2 |
RB-I |
S2n |
Simply suitability with limiting factor n (fertility)
|
| 3 |
BH-I |
S2nsd |
Suitable according to the limiting factors n, s, d (fertility, slope, and effective depth of soil)
|
| 4 |
BH-II |
S2nsd |
Suitable according to the limiting factors n, s, d (fertility, slope, and effective depth of soil)
|
| 5 |
JP-I |
S3ns |
Suitable according to the limiting factors n, s (fertility, effective depth)
|
| 6 |
JA-I |
S3n |
Marginal conformity with limiting factor n (fertility)
|
| 7 |
PK-I |
S1 |
Very suitable |
| 8 |
PK-II |
S1 |
Very suitable |
Note: Suitability level: S1= very suitable, S2 moderately suitable, S3=marginally suitable, limiting factors: n=soil fertility, s=slope. d=effective soil solum depth
Suitability classes were determined after reclassing based on the limiting factors of land use for nutmeg for proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg. Five suitability classes for nutmeg were identified, as shown in Table 6.
Table 7. Suitability class for nutmeg of proposed GIs in
Tapaktuan-Blangpidie
| No.
|
Suitability Class
|
Area (ha)
|
Percentage
|
| 1 |
S1 |
21,208.04 |
22.07% |
| 2 |
S2n |
4,819.16 |
5.01% |
| 3 |
S2nsd |
51,185.47 |
53.26% |
| 4 |
S3n |
12,529.29 |
13.04% |
| 5 |
S3ns |
6,356.26 |
6.61% |
|
Total |
96,098.24 |
100% |
Thus, most areas of the proposed GIs are dominated by the suitable class (S2nsd) for nutmeg, accounting for 53.26%, with limiting factors including nutrient content in the soil, slope, and the depth of soil solum. The smallest proportion is for marginally suitable land with limiting factors such as nutrient content in the soil and slope (S3ns).
Potentially, all areas for the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg are very suitable; no limiting factors were found for all location samples except for sample JP-I (Table 7). This potential suitability is conditional, based on the input given for improvement. Most proposed GI areas need additional fertilizer or any organic fertilizer that can improve the suitability level from marginally suitable to very suitable (points 1 to 4), except for point 5, which requires additional effort to build a terrace along the slope to protect from erosion and loss of nutrients around the plantation.
Table 8. Summary of land suitability based on land characteristics of proposed GIs for
Tapaktuan – Blangpidie nutmeg
| Point No.
|
Symbol
|
Suitability Level
|
Information
|
| 1 |
AL-I |
S1 |
Very suitable with the non-fertilization and cultivation of organic material. |
| 2 |
RB-I |
S1 |
Very suitable with provision of additional nutrients via fertilization and organic matter. |
| 3 |
BH-I |
S1 |
Very suitable with fertilization actions and organic matter. |
| 4 |
BH-II |
S1 |
Very suitable following treatment with fertilizer and the manufacture of terraces and tillage. |
| 5 |
JP-I |
S2 |
Requires balanced fertilization and the manufacture of tillage and terraces. |
| 6 |
JA-I |
S1 |
Requires maximum fertilization and cultivation of organic materials. |
| 7 |
PK-I |
S1 |
Very suitable |
| 8 |
PK-II |
S1 |
Very suitable |
Table 8 indicates that most of the area of proposed GIs is potentially very suitable for nutmeg plantation. This result potentially will support the maximum production of nutmeg. A recent report has indicated that every year sees an increasing production of nutmeg and its derivative products (Sofyan, Iskandar et al., 2017) .
Conformity with regency spatial planning
The division of land according to Indonesia's spatial planning regulation consists of protected and cultivation areas. It is known from the spatial planning document that the extent of cultivation and protected areas in South Aceh Regency is 417,369.98 ha, with the allocation of space for cultivation areas being only 20.11% compared to the distribution of space for cultivation areas of 48.81% (Government of South Aceh, 2016). Meanwhile, in the Southwest Aceh Regency, the percentage of the cultivated area is 12.485, and for the protected area is 18.60% (Government of Southwest Aceh, 2013).
The analysis shows that out of the total 20.11% space allocation for cultivation areas based on the Spatial Pattern of South Aceh, only 4.40% of the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie Nutmeg have been developed. Meanwhile, in Southwest Regency, only 2.29% has been set for proposed GIs of Tapaktuan – Blangpidie nutmeg out of the total 12.48% space allocation for cultivation areas agreed in the Spatial Pattern of Southwest Aceh Regency. This development is still tiny compared to the space allocation for the designated cultivation area. For this reason, it is hoped that there will be more comprehensive development of nutmeg as proposed for GIs of the Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg area.
In addition, from the results of the spatial conformity analysis in South Aceh Regency, the percentage of proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg that have been developed in protected areas is approximately 7.07%, while in Southwest Aceh Regency, it is only 2.11% (Figure 8). Nutmeg plants can be developed in regions covered because nutmeg plants can be used as forest plants. The type of nutmeg plant that can be used as a forest plant is forest nutmeg. Thus, it is allowed to be planted within the protected area based on the new regulation of Indonesia's new forest management, called ‘kehutanan sosial’, or social forestry management (Ministry of Foresty Republic of Indonesia, 2021).
Discussion
GIs and land suitability
Registration of GIs allows manufacturers to prove that goods and/or products from a particular geographical area possess special qualities and characteristics. Manufacturers will have the exclusive right to use the GI name, which is protected by law. However, it is necessary to understand the land characteristics and conditions which must be met to maintain product sustainability; a sustainable product requires suitable land for cultivation.
The results of the analysis obtained in this study found that the level of land suitability was uneven for the pseudo-area under investigation, one of which was the suitability of the land. Land suitability of the proposed GIs for Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg is dominated by marginally suitable (S3) and moderately suitable (S2) conditions applicable for nutmeg. A small part of the area is categorized as very suitable. A similar result was also found on Java Island with almost similar geomorphology of the nutmeg plantation locations (Yulianto and Purnama, 2019). Other results also show spatial variation of land suitability assessments for nutmeg in relation to soil properties and production (Hartati, Sunarminto et al., 2017; Yulianto and Purnama, 2019). For GIs, nutmeg does not have a time limit in its protection as long as its characteristics and quality can be maintained. Characteristics and quality can be formed due to several variables, including geographical conditions/biophysical conditions of the area, namely slopes, altitude, soil types, and community customs. GIs are increasingly seen as a legal acknowledgment to support local uniqueness and sustainable development. This study has discussed factors affected to determine GIs for the benefit of local government. This means that GIs could contribute to a territorial public system and how the global market for certain products could threaten this area, however by acknowledgment of GIs the area geographically has been protected and maintained in original condition. The benefit of GIs will go to the local community and the local government at both provincial and regency levels (Coggins, Malone et al., 2019; Das, 2010; Effida, Susilowati et al., 2015).
Regency spatial planning fulfilment
The Spatial Pattern Plan of Spatial Planning of South Aceh Regency in 2016-2036 and Southwest Aceh Regency in 2013-2033, indicate that the distribution of space allocation in South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency includes the distribution of space for protected areas and the distribution of space for cultivation areas. However, only a small portion has been utilized for nutmeg plantation. Within the protected areas are designated areas with the primary function of protecting the environment's sustainability, including natural resources and artificial resources, partly planted with nutmeg. Nutmeg cultivation should occur in areas that are designated areas with their primary function being for cultivation based on the conditions and potential of natural resources, human resources, and artificial resources.
According to the Spatial Planning Document of the Spatial Pattern of South Aceh Regency in 2016-2036 (Government of South Aceh, 2016), it consists of a protected area in South Aceh Regency accounting for 152,484.88 hectares and a cultivated area of 126,889.56 hectares. In the meantime, according to the Spatial Planning Document of Spatial Pattern of Southwest Aceh Regency in 2013-2033, the protected area in Southwest Aceh Regency covers an area of 115,039.38 hectares and a cultivated area of 73,165.64 hectares (Government of South Aceh, 2016). Based on the fact that the percentage of GI nutmeg coverage that is in accordance with the Spatial Pattern of South Aceh Regency is only 4.40% (out of a total of 20.11% of the cultivated area of South Aceh Regency) and 2.29% for Southwest Aceh Regency (out of a total of 12.48% of Southwest Aceh cultivation area), the land allocation for nutmeg is still below that in Tapaktuan and Blangpidie regencies. According to the national spatial planning regulation, land use for nutmeg is still within limits that have not exceeded its designation for land use in the region. This result illustrates that based on the direction of land use, it is still an area where further cultivation can be tolerated (Ulfah, Hardjomidjodjo et al., 2020), or where development as an agropolitan area can occur as initiated in the adjacent regency, Nagan Raya (Latif, Karim et al., 2022). Also, the spatial pattern should be part of development in the future not only for a small area (Tutuko, Bonifacius et al., 2021) but also for the national area in order to fulfil sustainable development and planning for the better future of the community and designated protected area (Lian, 2018; Peng, Zhao et al., 2022).
Impact of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie GI nutmeg products
Nutmeg products for the people of South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency are the fulcrum of hope because many people depend on nutmeg plants for their living. Having a nutmeg plant means having hope for their welfare because so far, nutmeg products can meet the cost of daily living, finance the education of children to a higher level, and many people have been performing the Hajj, the fifth Islamic pillar, using nutmeg products.
So far, the marketing of nutmeg products has not been well organized in one system; there has been no institution (cooperative) that handles it. Farmers are free to sell the nutmeg products produced to collecting traders in villages or sub-district cities. Furthermore, sub-district collecting merchants sell nutmeg to the district or provincial town traders. Such a marketing system causes the price of nutmeg products at the farmer level to be consistently low. Buyers and substantial traders near Medan, North Sumatra dominate determining the cost of nutmeg products. With the determination of nutmeg products as a GI product of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie, the price will increase at the farmer level. Furthermore, advantages of nutmeg products from the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie in the world market include having a specific aroma typical of nutmeg oil, high market demand with favourable prices, and Indonesia's role as the leading supplier of world nutmeg oil needs. It is necessary that South Aceh Regency and Southwest Aceh Regency be designated as GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg for these reasons. This proposal will protect nutmeg products and add value to farmers in the area so that the prices received at the farmer level are increased, which in turn can increase social benefit for the farmers (Simanjorang, Waluyati et al., 2020).
Conclusion
Determination of GIs of South and South Aceh, known as Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg, has been analysed based on the suitability and spatial planning of the regions. It is found that the area of the nutmeg plant in Southwest Aceh Regency is 26,630.41 hectares (27.71%) of the total potential area of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg. The largest area is in Blang Pidie and the smallest in Manggeng district. Meanwhile, South Aceh Regency's total area of the nutmeg plant is 69,465.23 hectares (72.29%) of the surveyed area, with the largest area in the Meukek district and the smallest in the Kluet Timur district.
The existing nutmeg mapped covers an area of 96,095.64 hectares spread across two districts, namely South Aceh with an area of 69,465.23 hectares (72.29%) and Southwest Aceh, covering an area of 26,630.41 hectares (27.71%). Geophysically, the region shows that the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan–Blangpidie nutmeg have a level of land suitability of marginally suitable (S3), moderately suitable (S2), and very suitable (S1). The main limitations are fertility, slopes, and effective soil depth. The soil fertility rate of the study site ranged from very low to medium to high.
The area of the proposed GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg, following the Spatial Pattern of South Aceh Regency, is 26,654.58 ha, and in Southwest Aceh Regency, it is 13,865.10 ha. The GI nutmeg area, as per the Spatial Pattern of South Aceh Regency, constitutes 4.40% (out of 20.11% of the cultivated area of South Aceh Regency). For Southwest Aceh Regency, it is 2.29% (out of a total of 12.48% of Southwest Aceh's cultivation area). This result illustrates that, based on the direction of land use, there is still capacity for growth in the area, making it a superior area for nutmeg. Thus, the determination of GIs of Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg biophysically and in accordance with spatial planning is appropriate, and the requirements of the GI process may be fulfilled.
The most important aspect of this study is that the suitability of GIs for nutmeg has been determined based not only on the characteristics of the specific location, e.g. area and soil, but also considering the land suitability analysis and the spatial planning approach as designated by the local government to allow for the sustainable development of nutmeg in Tapaktuan-Blangpidie, where GIs for nutmeg are proposed.
It is essential to ensure the ongoing sustainability of the environmental conditions required for the Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg GIs by adopting sustainable planting practices and adhering to the spatial regulations outlined in the GI areas of the Tapaktuan-Blangpidie region. Local authorities should collaborate to promote the Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg GI area with a regional flagship approach, with aspirations for national and international recognition and significance. A comprehensive examination of production quality is necessary to preserve the geographical indications (GIs) associated with Tapaktuan-Blangpidie nutmeg.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.S. and H.B.; methodology, S.S., M.R. and S.A.M.; software, M.R. and S.A.M.; investigation, S.S., M.R., H.B, A.B, and S.A.M; resources, S.S. and A.B; data curation, M.R., S.A, M; writing—original draft preparation, S.S, S.A.M; writing—review and editing, S.S., H.B. supervision, S.S. and M.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Ethics Declaration
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the paper's publication.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express appreciation to all who contributed to this paper, including collecting, analysing, validating, and verifying data. Special thanks to the Agriculture and Plantation Service Office of Aceh Province, Indonesia. We address our thanks to all reviewers and editors who gave comments to give significant input to our paper.
Funding Statement
This research was funded by the Agriculture and Plantation Office of Aceh Province (contract number 525/9701/2021)
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