Planning Strategies and Design Concepts
Determining Policy Option for Sustainable Residential Area in Suburban Metropolitan Jakarta
PROMETHEE Approach
2024 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 58-77
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2024 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 58-77
The rapid urbanization of developing countries has led to an increasing demand for housing to develop small and medium-scale residential areas in suburban areas. However, this has resulted in negative impacts on the environment and society. Sustainable development principles are necessary to address this issue, but achieving sustainability in residential areas is a complex task that requires an integrated approach encompassing economic, social, and environmental aspects. This study proposes a novel approach for formulating and determining sustainability strategies for residential areas in Tangerang Selatan Municipality, a suburb in Metropolitan Jakarta. The findings indicate that the proposed approach identifies new aspects of suburban sustainability, including technology, infrastructure, and governance. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers in Indonesia's suburbs to design sustainable residential area (SRA) strategies that are compatible with the local context, with the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of rapid urbanization. Furthermore, the approach of this study provides a new method for scholars abroad to study SRA.
Suburban areas in developing countries face many multidimensional problems in terms of environmental, social, economic, sociocultural, and political dimensions. The generic complexity of suburban issues is a global phenomenon, as evidenced by several studies. A literature review on developing countries with high-density characteristics reveals that the problem is highly multidimensional, encompassing economic, social, spatial, and institutional aspects. For instance, an extensive land transformation occurred in Bangkok (Hara, Thaitakoo et al., 2008), while in Malaysia, the same phenomenon impacted pre-existing agricultural activities (Elhadary, Samat et al., 2013).
In China, the economic dynamics of suburban areas are defined by various factors, including land conversion (Tang, Hao et al., 2016), the emergence of industrial clusters (Zhang, L., Yue et al., 2018), changes in rural settlements (Chen, Gao et al., 2017), and environmental pressures (Zhang, T., Chiu et al., 2019). In contrast, suburban areas in Brazil, while characterized by high-quality infrastructure and transport connectivity, experience severe socio-ecological dynamics. Due to issues such as overcrowding, weak law enforcement, high rates of poverty, unemployment, a high incidence of crime, and alcohol dependency among the middle-class population (Silva, Castro et al., 2012).
In Indonesia, the primary issue faced by suburban areas is land conversion as a result of housing project construction (Firman, 2000, 2004). According to Firman and Fahmi (2017), the private sector has significantly driven this change, further triggered by central government regulations and policies. The phenomenon of post-suburbia, which involves the decentralization of urban life to the periphery of the metropolis, was driven by the technological revolution, particularly in communication and computer technology, in the 20th century. External factors such as the ideology of globalization (neoliberalism) have also played a significant role in shaping suburban development by aligning it with global market tendencies. Moreover, this neoliberalism is also reflected in people's lifestyles, as evidenced by an increased focus on individualism, symbolism, and consumerism.
In Turkey, suburban expansion is influenced by land uses, such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Over the past decade, the shift from an industrial economy to a post-industrial economy has significantly changed the structure and scale of cities, particularly in metropolitan areas. In Turkey, the emergence of the Anglo-Saxon (capitalistic) suburban model in metropolitan cities has been shaped by several factors, including consumer behaviorism, lifestyle, social polarization, and the emergence of new upper groups. The formation of suburbs in Turkey is closely linked to the structure and network of the global economy, which has not only altered the social and economic structure but also reconfigured the city's spatial structure. Furthermore, this process has spurred high-income groups' desire to reside in gated communities/exclusive housing (Sonmez, 2009), housing complexes (Hapsariniaty, Sidi et al., 2013), and residential areas.
The literature review reveals that gated communities are a prevalent phenomenon across the globe, with several distinguishing features, including (1) physical barriers such as walls, fences, and gates to enclose the community; (2) a focus on individual houses or collective buildings with an emphasis on private property ownership; (3) provision of high-quality security equipment and services; (4) creation of a secure environment to prevent the entry of non-residents; (5) privatization of public spaces; (6) adherence to a code of conduct and rules regarding social behavior and construction; (7) the presence of an occupant association and payment of regular maintenance fees for services such as garbage disposal and security; (8) occupation by homogeneous social groups; (9) location within urban centers or suburban areas; (10) limited public facilities; and (11) construction on small plots of land (Atkinson and Blandy, 2005; Blakely and Snyder, 1997; Caldeira, 1996; Leisch, 2002).
Developing housing estates by private entities in Indonesia has been an ongoing phenomenon for over 25 years. They have shifted their focus from constructing large residential areas to smaller ones covering less than 2 hectares of land. This shifts due to regulation modifications within the investment sector during the second Jokowi era.
The development of gated residential areas poses significant challenges to the livelihood strategies of individuals employed in the agricultural sector due to the transformation of agricultural land (Elhadary, Samat et al., 2013; Liu and Liu, 2016). Furthermore, such areas stifle social capital (Clark, 2007), exert pressure on minority groups (Ragusett, 2014), exacerbate economic and income inequality (Huang and Jiang, 2009; Neckerman, Lovasi et al., 2009; Roitman and Recio, 2020; Yandri, Pitri, 2014; Zhao, 2016), emerging social and settlement segregation (Hwang, 2015; Yandri, P, 2015), and foster group exclusivity (Gunawan, 2011), which ultimately contribute to the emergence of social tensions (Widhyharto, 2009; Yandri, P, 2015). The creation of residential areas has also resulted in the decreasing of political participation among residents and attributable to the gentrification process (Schram, 2012). The gentrification has been corroborated by various studies, such as those conducted by Newman, Johnson et al. (2014) in the United States, in Tangerang Selatan Municipality, and Ningrum, Putri et al. (2015) in surrounding Jakarta.
In Indonesia, more serious attention needs to be given to implementing SRA. Although The Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas) has issued Regulation 7/2018 on Coordination, Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, which includes aspects related to sustainable urban housing, the regulation focuses primarily on providing residents with access to primary, adequate, and affordable housing, rather than ensuring that residential areas adhere to sustainability principles. In contrast, academic discourse on SRA has gained significant attention from researchers and governments internationally.
Yigitcanlar, Kamruzzaman et al. (2015) have conducted empirical research in Malaysia, Pakzad and Salari (2018), focusing on small neighborhoods. Yandri, Pitri, Priyarsono et al. (2018); Yandri, P., Priyarsono et al. (2019); Yandri, Pitri, Priyarsono et al. (2021) did similar research in Indonesia. At the policy level, Germany has implemented a certification system to assess the sustainability of residential areas (Rid, Lammers et al., 2017). Analyzing empirical studies and policy implementation forces essential questions on the justification for promoting sustainable residential areas. Winston and Pareja Eastaway (2008) present four justifications:
First, housing constitutes, a crucial public policy capable of influencing urban development and contributing to sustainable development; second, housing developments, including their design must have a substantial impact on the environment; third, the construction of housing and related facilities have to influence waste management practices; and fourth, housing development affects the use of resources such as electrical energy and wood, and is inherently linked to sustainability.This study presents a novel approach to developing sustainability strategies, particularly for suburban residential areas. Our approach employs a method seldom utilized in these, which is particularly relevant given the intricate and multifaceted sustainability issues in these contexts, including social, economic, institutional, and governance aspects. As a result, this study offers insightful information to policymakers in Indonesian suburbs to help them determine the idea of SRA.
We focus our study on Tangerang Selatan Municipality (as illustrated in Figure 1), one of the suburbs within the Metropolitan Jakarta region, which covers 164.85 square kilometers. The municipality comprises seven sub-districts and fifty-four urban villages.
In 2022, the total of residents had peeked within the number of 1,378,466 people; yielding a population density of 8,361 people per square kilometer. Over 67% percent of land utilisation is allocated to residential and settlement purposes, while the remain is designated for commercial, industrial, and recreational green spaces. The number of housing units with diverse areas and types has surpassed 1100 as of 2021. It is spread throughout each sub-district of Tangerang Selatan. Hence, the area's gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is primarily driven by the housing and real estate sector, accounting for 17.68%.
We employ both primary and secondary data. We collect primary data by surveying the relevant stakeholders related to the residential area. The purposive selection criteria for the sample include individuals who are stakeholders in residential areas and possess knowledge and experience regarding social community issues in Tangerang Selatan Municipality. We compile secondary data through the process of data recording and categorization.
The analysis in this study utilizes the Preference Ranking Organization Methods for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) technique, which is one of the Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The application of this method in the context of SRA has been documented in previous research, such as Viteikiene and Zavadskas (2007), who evaluated the sustainability of residential areas in the City of Vilnius, Lithuania, and Mulliner, Malys et al. (2016), who examined the sustainability of housing availability in Liverpool, England. Phillis, Grigoroudis et al. (2021) also emplie the PROMETHEE method to analyze national energy sustainability in 43 European countries.
| Stakeholders | n (people) |
|---|---|
| Local legislative member | 2 |
| Local residential area, settlement, and land agency | 2 |
| Local development planning agency | 2 |
| Local investment and integrated services agency | 2 |
| Local environmental agency | 2 |
| Community | 2 |
| Private developer | 2 |
| Academic | 2 |
We employ this approach because it is designed to combine both qualitative and quantitative data. Typically, qualitative data involves weighted perceptions, similar to the techniques used in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches. These approaches rely solely on analyzing weighted qualitative data collected from stakeholder perspectives. Conversely, quantitative data takes the form of chronological sequence data. The PROMETHEE approach does not require quantitative data to be assigned precise weights. Recognizing these benefits, PROMETHEE can be expanded across other domains, depending on the analytical objectives that determine the best development policy strategy. Consequently, PROMETHEE can facilitate the gap used within AHP and MCDM.
Given that the primary objective of this study is to guide policy development, it is critical that the chosen sample have no preconceived ideas regarding the issue at hand subject and is not actively involved in housing decision-making processes. Thus, sample selection is apersonal choice of the researcher. Individuals designated as housing stakeholders and those with expertise in social community in the Tangerang Selatan Municipality, Indonesia, are among the sample selection criteria. The entire sample size included 16 stakeholders. Table 1 shows the distribution of stakeholder respondents from residential sectors.
The initial stage of PROMETHEE is consistent with the MCDM analysis procedure, which involves (1) identifying pertinent criteria and alternatives, (2) establishing quantitative measures of the relative importance of the criteria and the influence of the alternatives on those criteria, and (3) analyzing these numerical values to rank each alternative. From the technical standpoint, respondents' responses are computed to get the mean value for each respondent's decision, while secondary data is calculated to determine the median value. The average and median values are then entered into the PROMETHEE software platform. In this research, we devised three options for SRA policy. The description of these policy alternatives is presented in Table 2.
| Policy option | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Status quo | : | This policy represents the status quo, reflecting current practices and procedures. It can also be regarded as the existing policy. |
| Homogenous | : | This policy concentrates on residential spaces by exclusively designating land for residential purposes without allocating spaces for social, environmental, or economic purposes. |
| Multifunctional (land-used mixture) | : | Multifunctional residential areas are distinguished by integrating residential, social, environmental, and economic spaces. |
In this study, the dimensions and criteria for each policy option were developed based on a literature review validated through the work of Yandri, P., Priyarsono et al. (2019); Yandri, Pitri, Priyarsono et al. (2021). The dimensions of SRA encompass six distinct areas, namely: (1) economy, (2) social, (3) environment, (4) infrastructure, (5) technology, and (6) institutional. The six dimensions of SRA are detailed by various criteria and presented in Table 3.
| Dimension | Criteria | Optimization direction | Score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
| Economic | Land rent (proxied from land and building title transfer fee/BPHTB) | Max | Time series data (in Rupiah)* | ||
| Price of house unit | Max | Unaffordable | Constantly | Affordable | |
| Local government revenue/PAD | Max | Time series data (in Rupiah)* | |||
| SME’s economic activities within the residential area | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing | |
| Social | Environmental Health | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing |
| Community participation | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing | |
| Social activities and engagement | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing | |
| Environment | Green open space | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing |
| Clean water | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing | |
| Waste | Min | Poor | Fair | Good | |
| Landscape views | Max | Unimportant | Neutral | Important | |
| Infrastructure | Social facilities (public and private clinics, places of worship, markets, playgrounds) | Max | Poor | Fair | Good |
| Public facilities (roads, waterways, public lighting, waste dumps) | Max | Poor | Fair | Good | |
| Adaptation of residential areas to natural disasters and anthropogenic disasters | Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing | |
| Technology |
Internet network availability and connection speed |
Max | Decreasing | Constantly | Increasing |
| CCTV cameras | Max | Unnecessary | Neutral | Necessary | |
| Governance | Regulations that have been/will be issued by the government | Max | Unimportant | Neutral | Important |
| Licensing of purchasing transactions in residential areas | Max | Inaccessible | Indifferent | Accessible | |
| SRA certification | Max | Disagree | Indifferent | Agree | |
| Regional spatial plan | Max | Inappropriate | Indifferent | Appropriate | |
Annotation: max: maximum; min: minimum; *Source: Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia
Operationally, PROMETHEE can satisfy both qualitative and quantitative criteria. In this context, the relationship between options “a” and “b” can meet the outranking criteria if option “a” equals to option “b” (or vice versa) concerning a predetermined number of criteria. In PROMETHEE, this outranking relation is referred to as the preference index or π (a, b). If option "a" dominates option "b," π (a, b) equals 0. This, however, is not necessarily equal to 1. The preference index between choices “a” relative to “b” can be expressed as the weighted average of preference functions for six different types of criteria. It can be mathematically represented as equation (1), as shown below.
In PROMETHEE analysis, the preference index Pi (a, b) represents the degree of preference of option “a” over option “b” for the i criterion. This preference function varies between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates no difference between the two options (indifference), and 1 represents a significant difference (strict preference). PROMETHEE employs six different preference functions to evaluate the preferences, as follows.
Type I Usual Criteria
Type II Quasi-Criteria (U-Shape)
Type III V-Shape
Type IV Step Function
Type V Linier
Type VI Gaussian
The determination of the selected option (outranking) in PROMETHEE is then calculated based on the value of ϕ+ (a), which is called outgoing flow equation (8) and ϕ- (a) or incoming flow (influenced) as equation (9). The difference between ϕ+ (a) and ϕ- (a) is then calculated as net flow or ϕ (a) = ϕ+ (a) – ϕ- (a). The PROMITHEE analysis procedure is presented in Figure 2.
Previous studies have established that economic, social, environmental, technological, infrastructure, and governance aspects can be perceived as an interdependent and integrated system in achieving SRA (Yandri, P., Priyarsono et al., 2019; Yandri, Pitri, Priyarsono et al., 2021). This present study aims to investigate stakeholder preferences regarding these six aspects. The results from the tabulation reveal that the degree of economic significance in SRA is relatively lower than the other aspects. The average score obtains only 4.33. Conversely, the highest aspect value in importance is related to environmental and governance aspects, with a score of 5. These outcomes are a preliminary indication that environmental factors are the most crucial aspect in attaining SRA (Figure 3).
In addition, a comprehensive review of economic criteria reveals that the land rent value exhibited significant fluctuation dynamics over the observed period (2011-2019) (Figure 4). Despite this volatility, the overall growth trend remained positive, averaging 38.7% yearly. Positive growth was recorded between 2011 and 2016; however, from 2016 to 2018, there was a negative growth trend in BPHTB, which is directly attributed to the implementation of the Economic Policy Package Volume XI by President Jokowi in 2016. Under this policy, the government reduced BPHTB from 5 percent to a maximum of 1 percent for land and building assets of the Real Estate Investment Fund.
Regarding price criteria, respondents expressed that house prices in residential areas would be deemed unaffordable under all policies, including status quo, homogeneous, and multifunctional. Another criterion shows a positive trend in achieving PAD growth in Tangerang Selatan Municipality over time. However, fluctuations in PAD receipts were observed from 2015 to 2018. While PAD revenue amounted to 1.3 trillion Rupiah in 2015, it decreased to 1.1 trillion Rupiah in 2016. However, in 2017, the PAD revenue had significantly increased to 1.6 trillion Rupiah. Then it made another drop to Rp. 1.2 trillion Rupiah in 2018. The decrease in PAD receipts was mainly due to the decline in BPHTB component receipts following the central government's Economic Policy Package Volume XI, which lowered the BPHTB tariff from 5% to 1% in 2016. An overview of the dynamics of receiving PAD is presented in Figure 5.
Regarding the criteria for micro and small economic activities in the region, respondents' preferences differ, with some indicating a preference to maintain the status quo or homogeneous policy options. In contrast, others prefer increasing economic activity by implementing a multifunctional policy option. The first criterion for the social component is environmental health the choice of the respondents was to keep things as they are or pursue homogenous policy alternatives, but if a multifunctional policy option is adopted, environmental health would improve. Respondents prefer to maintain public participation in the status quo and homogeneous policy options but increase it if a multifunctional policy option is adopted. Finally, regarding social activities, respondents prefer increasing social activities with both status quo and homogeneous policies and implementing a multifunctional.
Environmental aspect that includes the preservation area criteria, such as green open space, the respondents prefer that this criterion remains “constantly” regardless of the policies implemented, whether it is the status quo, homogeneous, or multifunctional.
As fot clean water issue, the participants expressed a preference for it to stay "constantly" under a status quo or homogenous policy, but they believe that a multifunctional policy will cause it to "decrease."
| Sustainability dimension | Criterion | Means | Standard deviation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SQ | Ho | MF | SQ | Ho | MF | ||
| Economic | Price of house unit | 2,25 | 2,13 | 1,50 | 0,89 | 0,99 | 0,76 |
| SME’s economic activities within the residential area | 1,88 | 2,25 | 2,75 | 0,35 | 0,71 | 0,46 | |
| Social | Environmental Health | 1,75 | 2,50 | 2,38 | 0,71 | 0,76 | 0,92 |
| Community participation | 2,00 | 2,38 | 2,25 | 0,76 | 0,74 | 0,89 | |
| Social activities and engagement | 2,13 | 2,38 | 2,25 | 0,69 | 0,74 | 0,89 | |
| Environment | Green open space | 2,00 | 2,25 | 2,25 | 0,93 | 0,89 | 1,04 |
| Clean water | 2,13 | 2,38 | 1,75 | 0,83 | 0,74 | 1,04 | |
| Waste | 2,00 | 2,00 | 1,13 | 0,76 | 0,76 | 0,35 | |
| Landscape views | 2,00 | 2,75 | 2,63 | 0,93 | 0,46 | 0,74 | |
| Infrastructure | Social facilities (public and private clinics, places of worship, markets, playgrounds) | 1,75 | 1,75 | 2,75 | 0,71 | 0,71 | 0,71 |
| Public facilities (roads, waterways, public lighting, waste dumps) | 1,88 | 2,50 | 2,63 | 0,83 | 0,53 | 0,74 | |
| Adaptation of residential areas to natural disasters and anthropogenic disasters | 1,63 | 2,50 | 2,38 | 0,74 | 0,76 | 0,92 | |
| Technology | Internet network availability and connection speed | 1,88 | 2,38 | 2,63 | 0,83 | 0,52 | 0,74 |
| Internet network availability and connection speed | 2,13 | 2,75 | 3,00 | 0,83 | 0,46 | 0,00 | |
| Governance | Regulations that have been/will be issued by the government | 2,13 | 2,75 | 3,00 | 0,83 | 0,46 | 0,00 |
| Licensing of purchasing transactions in residential areas | 2,00 | 2,38 | 2,50 | 0,76 | 0,74 | 0,76 | |
| SRA certification | 2,38 | 2,63 | 2,88 | 0,92 | 0,52 | 0,35 | |
| Regional spatial plan | 2,25 | 2,63 | 2,75 | 0,89 | 0,52 | 0,71 | |
Annotation: SQ = status quo; Ho = homogeneous; MF = multifunctional
Additionally, regarding the issue of waste, respondents are inclined toward waste reduction if a status quo or multifunctional policy is implemented. At the same time, they prefer it remains the same in a homogeneous residential area policy. As for the criteria of landscape area, respondents prefer a "neutral" landscape in both status quo policies and multifunctional policies while considering it "important" inhomogeneous residential areas.
In the infrastructure aspect, particularly in the criteria for social facilities, the respondents' preference for the quality of social facilities is “moderate” across all policy options. The same trend can be observed for the criteria of public facilities, where respondents' preference for the quality of public facilities is “moderate” across all policy options. Regarding disaster adaptation, the respondents believe that the adaptation of residential areas to disasters will "decrease" under the status quo policy option. At the same time, it will "remain" if homogeneous and multifunctional policies are applied.
In the technological dimension, two criteria have been developed: the availability and connection speed of internet networks and the presence of CCTV cameras. Regarding the internet availability criteria and connection speed, all policy options are predicted to have a fixed impact, including status quo, homogeneous, and multifunctional policies. On the other hand, respondents considered the presence of CCTV cameras to be “important” if homogeneous and multifunctional policies are implemented in residential areas and "not important" if status quo policies are chosen. A quantitative summary of respondents' preferences for each criterion is presented in Table 4 below.
This analysis employs two types of preferences, namely ordinary and linear. The ordinary type is used for criteria without a threshold value or trend, with zero preference. This type is typically used for qualitative data with a rating scale. The criteria included in the ordinary type for this study are price, micro and small economic activities, environmental health, community participation, social activities, green open space, clean water, waste, landscape, social facilities, public facilities, regional adaptation to natural and anthropogenic disasters, availability and speed of internet network, CCTV cameras, regulations, house buying and selling transactions, certification, and regional spatial plans.
The analysis employs two types of preferences for the criteria: ordinary and linear. The former applies to criteria without a threshold value or trend and is typically utilized for qualitative data with rating scales. This study uses ordinary preferences for a range of criteria, such as price, micro and small economic activities, environmental health, community participation, social activities, green open space, clean water, garbage, regional scenery, social and public facilities, regional adaptation to natural and anthropogenic disasters, internet network availability and connection speed, CCTV cameras, rules and regulations, house buying and selling transactions, certification, and regional spatial plans. In contrast, the linear or V-shape type is adopted for criteria with a threshold or tendency, usually involving quantitative measures requiring consideration of the slightest deviation. This type uses a predetermined threshold, typically denoted by p-preference, whose value must be above zero. The criteria assigned to the linear type in this study are the land rent value, which is proxied from BPHTB, and the contribution of residential areas to PAD.
The present section employed the Visual PROMETHEE software to analyze the data. The PROMETHEE I analysis provides a partial ranking of SRA policy models. As illustrated in Figure 6, the multifunctional policy option outperforms the homogeneous and status quo options in SRA. The ranking results based on the highest strength or advantage, represented by the outgoing flow value (ϕ-), are displayed on the left side of the image. In contrast, the ranking based on the slightest weakness, represented by the incoming flow value (ϕ+), is presented on the right side. The multifunctional policy option is the best option among the three formulated alternatives. Consequently, based on the PROMETHEE I analysis, it can be concluded that the multifunctional option of residential areas is the most advantageous option to achieve sustainable residential areas.
To ensure the consistency of the PROMETHEE I results, a further analysis using PROMETHEE II analysis (complete ranking) needs to be conducted. Unlike PROMETHEE I, PROMETHEE II analysis ranks the alternatives based on net flow values.
PROMETHEE II is an extension of PROMETHEE I that provides alternative rankings by incorporating the net flow value (φn) into the ranking process. Unlike PROMETHEE I, PROMETHEE II considers the net flow value (ϕn) to provide more realistic information and avoid incomparability issues. The results of the PROMETHEE II analysis, as shown in Figure 7, confirm that the multifunctional option remains the best policy alternative for achieving SRA, as it has the most significant net flow value (ϕn). The green and red vertical bars represent the net flow value, where green bars represent the outgoing flow (ϕ+) values, while red bars indicate the incoming flow (ϕ-) or weakness values. Overall, the consistent results obtained from PROMETHEE I and II analyses support selecting the multifunctional option as the optimal policy alternative for promoting sustainable residential areas.
The PROMETHEE rainbow (Figure 8), the strengths and weaknesses of the multifunctional policy options can be observed. Each section in the rainbow represents a criterion, and the width of the section corresponds to the degree of contribution of each criterion. The top of the section indicates the criteria that are considered strengths in each option, while the bottom represents the weaknesses.
The regional multifunctional policy option is deemed the best policy model, as it benefits from the utilization of internet networks and CCTV cameras, which are the main bases, coupled with community participation, green open spaces, regional views, and social facilities, such as clinics, places of worship, markets, playgrounds, among others. Public facilities, such as roads, waterways, lighting, and garbage dumps, further reinforce its advantages.
Moreover, the multifunctional policy option offers additional advantages, including its contribution to the value of land rent and PAD. It is reasonable, considering that a more diversified land use tends to increase the land rent value, positively impacting government revenue.
To improve the study of rankings, Figures 9-11 present radar diagrams that depict the potential of each policy option across the criteria axis. A radar diagram is a graphical technique that displays multivariate data in a two-dimensional graph with three or more quantitative variables represented by axes emanating from a common point. A radar graph comprises radii representing the value of each criterion, with the length of the radius equating to the magnitude of the criterion value.
Regarding development potential, the multifunctional policy option exhibits the most favorable characteristics across various criteria, as indicated by a graphical comparison of the three options. The area enclosed by a line connecting the advantages of various criteria in the multifunctional option is the largest, implying its superiority over the other options.
According to the results of the analysis, the multifunctional residential areas policy option is considered the most suitable for achieving SRA. The analysis indicates that this option has more advantages (outgoing flow) and fewer weaknesses (incoming flow), resulting in the most significant net flow value of 0.4126. The reliability of this option has been verified through the application of PROMETHEE II and radar flush methods.
The multifunctional residential land policy option is essential in achieving SRA in Tangerang Selatan Municipality. This finding aligns with the results of the descriptive analysis conducted in the earlier sections of this chapter, which revealed that multifunctional residential land policies are the most preferred among the stakeholders. Thus, land use plays a critical role in advancing sustainable urban design, which strives to be economical, resource- and energy-efficient, and to foster social and economic diversity. Some land use planning strategies for achieving sustainable urban design include land multifunctionality, compact or dense land use, integration between land use and infrastructure, small-scale land use activities, and provision of open spaces.
The application of multifunctional land development aims to achieve economic and social diversity, reduce energy consumption, and manage metropolitan growth. A multifunctional area concentrates various urban activities in a single location with good physical configuration design, internal circulation, and external accessibility. These activities include residential areas, shopping areas, markets, offices, hotels, recreation areas, sports facilities, and parking. They are physically and functionally integrated, as the distance between areas is relatively short and can be easily reached by foot or public transportation.
There are three approaches to developing multifunctional areas: (1) intensifying land use, (2) diversifying land functions, and (3) integrating separate activity functions. Multifunctionality is a crucial element of contemporary development trends, such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD), Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND), livable communities, and innovative growth principles. This concept can be applied at different scales, including multifunctional buildings, areas, and transit hubs.
Amado, Ramalhete et al. (2017) stated that the significance of housing in developing countries is more vital than in developed countries, as homes in developing countries serve as places to earn a living, work, and socialize and as the locus of hereditary culture. Therefore, the house could be a primary strategy for development. The study by Amado, Ramalhete et al. (2017) confirms that residential areas can be utilized as multifunctional land.
In addition, the Tangerang Selatan Municipality Government has addressed this matter by enacting Tangerang Selatan Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2014 on Housing and Settlement Areas. Article 22 stipulates that "houses may be utilized for business activities to a limited extent without posing a threat or interfering with residential functions and must ensure the preservation of housing and residential environments, including the availability of sufficient parking facilities." Furthermore, Article 23 grants the mayor the authority to establish additional regulations on using houses as limited business premises.
In the current discourse on development, sustainability has become a central issue that has sparked a great deal of scholarly discussion on a global scale and attracted the attention of policymakers who are trying to find a universally acceptable solution The triple bottom line (comprising economic, social, and environmental dimensions) represents a fundamental integrated aspect of achieving balanced development outcomes. However, the applicability of these three dimensions in addressing development balance in specific contexts, such as urban or suburban scales, can be limited due to the diversity of issues within regional contexts. Consequently, the effectiveness of the triple bottom line may vary depending on the specific characteristics of a given region.
Policymakers face numerous challenges and complexities when addressing issues in suburban areas, which are characterized primarily by housing and residential spaces. These challenges pertain to the governance of residential areas, including the direction, options, dimensions, and criteria that should be considered. In such a complex situation, determining the most appropriate course of action requires careful consideration of each available option.
This study aims to support policymakers in the efficient management of urban areas with a particular emphasis on residential development. Our study aims to develop a novel sustainability framework that integrates critical economic, social, environmental, infrastructure, technology, and governance dimensions. To achieve this, we have formulated criteria within each dimension and validated their applicability in analyzing the sustainability of residential areas in suburban regions using a novel approach based on the PROMETHEE method. By doing so, we seek to provide policymakers with a more comprehensive and effective tool for addressing the challenges and complexities of SRA development.
The findings from the PROMETHEE analysis indicate that implementing a multifunctional land policy option is the most effective approach to achieving SRA. The key advantages of the regional multifunctional policy option stem from its reliance on internet networks and CCTV cameras as core components, supported by active community participation, green open spaces, regional views, and the provision of social facilities such as healthcare centers, clinics, places of worship, markets, playgrounds, among others, as well as public amenities like roads, waterways, public lighting, garbage disposal facilities, and more.
The implications of the study's findings for policymaking suggest that the multifunctional land policy option may be suitable for critical stakeholders involved in residential area governance. Despite local regulations that govern residential areas, there is scope for strengthening these policies. For instance, in our study area, local regulations include provisions that allow residential land to be utilized for multifunctional purposes, including environmental, social, and economic applications. However, developing policies that support those dimensions and facilitate operationalization may be necessary.
Regarding practical ramifications, our research suggests that local governments and urban planners should incorporate these findings to enhance their regulatory frameworks. Technical considerations regarding internet accessibility, CCTV camera deployment, and garbage disposal facilities are crucial in regulation improvement initiatives.
Nevertheless, from a theoretical standpoint, PROMETHEE's approach has limits due to stakeholders' subjective interests impacting the selection of the best alternative. To address these limitations, we propose that future research efforts encompass a broader spectrum of statistically representative perception data collected from housing users and a more diverse array of secondary data. Furthermore, given the potential disparities in housing taxation systems across nations, future studies may benefit from incorporating tax-related components into their analyses, particularly when considering variations in housing tax structures across countries, including Indonesia.
Pitri Yandri: conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, and supervision. Hadi Supratikta: resources, and literature compilation. Rey Septianis: writing—original draft preparation. Rosidah & Joseph: writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.
