Planning Analysis and Simulation
Is the Revival of Nightlife Effective on Citizens' Sense of Security?
Evidence from the Inner city of Isfahan
2025 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 155-171
Details
2025 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 155-171
"One of the effective factors in improving urban security is crime prevention. Research progress in C.P.T.E.D. requires clarification of theoretical concepts and integrated validation. The resulting research is practically focused on the elements of surveillance, nightlife, and security. With the ever-increasing expansion of cities and the trend of population growth, various problems arise, including an increase in city crime rate. This factor leads to a decrease in the presence of citizens in the city during the day and night. Revitalizing nightlife to increase the sense of security among citizens leads to a decrease in the crime rate and an increase in social cohesion.The purpose of this research is to evaluate the revival of nightlife and the impact of security on nightlife. In the following, it will be explained why creating nightlife increases the sense of security in people. This is because creating nighttime activities in neighbourhoods increases the presence of citizens during different hours of the day and night and catches the attention of observers. This, in turn, induces a sense of security and peace for citizens and people who use the space.The resulting research has been conducted using quantitative methods. The number of case samples for the research was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in a sample size of 370 people aged above 20 years. The case samples were randomly selected from the population of the Mosalla neighbourhood. Various statistical methods have been employed to examine the relationship between the security component and nightlife. According to the obtained statistical data, 78% of the independent variable (security) has a direct effect on the dependent variable (nightlife)."
Given the rapid advancement of urbanisation and the evolution of city living, social security has become one of the most critical issues in contemporary society (Bawaria and Pasupuleti, 2023). In this context, giving due attention to the safety of citizens during nighttime and in environments that exhibit the highest vulnerability due to decay and structural shortcomings is fundamentally essential (Rajabi, 2017). In the last few decades, the issue of urban safety and the necessity of reducing urban anomalies has been one of the important problems of managers and urban planners, because security is the foundation of economic, social, and environmental development and is affected by these important elements related to its components (Asgari Tafarshi, Adibzadeh et al., 2019). In this regard, the investigations indicate that profiteers will act rationally in choosing the place, time, and place of committing social anomalies and choose the most appropriate and least dangerous spaces and conditions to carry out their social anomalies. (Peeters and Vander Beken, 2017). The profiteers examine all the factors that affect their social anomalies (Kim and Park, 2017). They are as follows: 1- Less likely to be detected; 2- easy entry and exit into the environment; 3- Less likely to be detected when leaving the environment. They think logically and make a conscious choice when doing social anomalies, On the other hand, the existence of some urban equipment prevents these people from committing social anomalies in urban environments. Therefore, by identifying and analyzing urban environments (environmental and physical factors), we will prevent the factors that facilitate anomalies by using the creation of physical and disciplinary social security in urban spaces. We will make it difficult or minimize the possibility of action for social anomalies in the urban environments. The perspective of crime prevention with the C.P.T.E.D approach is one of the prominent attitudes in this field (Cozens, Paul M, 2002). Undoubtedly, nowadays the rapid expansion of cities and the undesirable increase in urban population are many problems for human beings. One of the most complex and disturbing is the high crime rate, increased social anomalies, and disruption in security (Marques, Ferreira et al., 2018).
Security forms the foundation of a healthy society, while the sense of security serves as a platform for human development. The prosperity of a society relies on the preservation of security and the accompanying sense of safety (EHSANIFARD, SHOAEEI et al., 2013). Security in urban environments is considered an essential requirement for a high quality of life. When examining the geography of urban crime, several key factors, including the law, the offender, the victim, the location of the crime, and the time of the crime, receive significant attention. Among these key factors, the distinctive role of the environment, including urban planning, design and management, has been emphasised (Khelghat, Zamani et al., 2012). Therefore, what necessitates this research is the potential capacity of urban spaces and the built physical environment to reduce or prevent crime (Paknejad, 2014). Because with proper design, establishing nightlife in the environment can create surveillance opportunities and eliminate security irregularities in the environment (Yi and Son, 2022).
In addition to fostering a sense of insecurity and pessimism, the prevalence of various crimes and anomalies imposes significant mental, physical, and financial burdens on society, the government, and judicial organizations. On the one hand, these problems cause insecurity, anxiety, fear, and confusion and affect the farewell of city residence citizens, and on the other hand, they endanger the health of the city and force the judicial and law enforcement systems of countries to spend heavy budgets to identify the profiteers (Peeters and Vander Beken, 2017). Doing social anomalies includes several factors. In addition to these, environmental factors are also effective. Scholars and theoreticians of environmental sciences have stated in their scientific research that environments, in which there is a suitable platform for the creation of social anomalies, will cause the creation of inappropriate behaviour patterns (Marques, Ferreira et al., 2018). Profiteers prefer to choose spaces to carry out their social anomalies rather than opportunities suitable for carrying out social malpractice; therefore, authorities tried to reduce the spaces where these people have the opportunity to commit crimes in the city (Kim and Park, 2017).
Mosalla in Isfahan is an example of these places that, despite having a long and historical history, unfortunately, has barren lands and dilapidated houses that are uninhabitable, so this increases insecurity in the neighbourhoods as well as observing all kinds of crimes and social anomalies such as stealing houses, the presence of homeless and drug addicts has decreased security in the neighbourhood. But by realizing the C.P.T.E.D approach, it will improve the security of the environment. The research aims to investigate the relationship between two elements: social security and nightlife in a neighbourhood. The research seeks to determine whether there is a correlation between these two factors. Does the development and creation of nightlife in the neighbourhood lead to increased security? And what factors affect the process of creating nightlife in the neighbourhood (Arabi, Naseri et al., 2020)?
Today, as urban environments expand, particularly in large cities where social anomalies occur, various analyses and evaluation theories have emerged in the fields of social, economic, and geographical dimensions. These theories aim to investigate social anomalies and propose solutions and approaches to address this issue (Fang, Homma et al., 2024). The most important factors that are effective in the spread of social anomalies are the increase in economic and social inequalities in urban places and the increase in the norms and social roles of people in cities that are effective in creating social anomalies (Cozens, Paul M, 2002). In this regard, we can mention three principles of crime prevention from Treder's point of view: 1-law enforcement 2- Environmental planning and design 3- Groups at risk and social prevention (Trelader, 2011).
The most important effective factors to cause crime and social anomalies can be four items: 1- social factors. 2- Geographic factors 3- economic factors 4- Political factors (Peeters and Vander Beken, 2017). In the approach of the research, according to the role of environmental factors in the occurrence of crimes and based on the approaches to prevent crime place-based, the approach of preventing crime through the C.P.T.E.D approach, has emerged as an independent theory today is being developed and implemented as an independent approach in society (Abdullah, Marzbali et al., 2013; Cozens, P., Love et al., 2019; Cozens, P. and Van der Linde, 2015).
A new approach like C.P.T.E.D is based on the fact that it is possible to prevent crime in cities through the physical structure of the city, which is possible through reducing the natural and physical potential of urban areas in crime or reducing the possibility of crime. Since every place in the city is a place for special behaviours of citizens, on the other hand, only crime-prone environments are not under the general supervision of citizens and neighbourhood residents or have a great potential to commit crimes, They can be controlled by the program Environmental planning prevented crime in urban areas. The basic principles of the C.P.T.E. approach from the point of view of scientists such as Newman and Moffat, proposed five main characteristics to the basic concepts of C.P.T.E., which are examined here as the main concepts of this approach. They are 1-Territorialism 2 - Monitoring 3 - Access control 4 - Support for activity and readability 5 – Management (Cozens, P., Hillier et al., 2001).
In this research, an attempt was made to clarify the category of security in urban places for urban planners and managers and in the direction of a more accurate and appropriate understanding of the security category in urban spaces to the designers and city managers help by eliminating the causes of social and simultaneous anomalies by increasing the security in urban places, increase the presence and satisfaction of citizens (Gholipour, MahdiNejad et al., 2021). In the following, past experiences in this field can be mentioned in Table 1. Also, by creating nightlife in the neighbourhoods, we can provide a suitable platform for increasing the security in the place to become local and reduce crimes; It depends on the operation that we follow. With this research, we are trying to boost the nightlife in the Mosalla neighbourhood.
| Author(s) | Aims | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Lee, S., Lee et al. (2023) | This study focuses on neighbourhoods surrounding 14 elementary schools serving low-income populations in Seattle, WA, to assess whether the distribution of crime incidence (2013–2017) is associated with street-level environmental characteristics that reflect CPTED principles. | Findings suggest that local efforts to improve street maintenance and the visual quality of buildings and broader planning efforts to control specific uses near schools are important for improving safety in neighbourhoods near schools that are more vulnerable to crime. |
| Králová, Šoltés et al. (2021) | Due to the low level of security and high concentration of people, transportation terminals are considered soft targets and become easy targets for terrorists. To ensure the security of transportation terminals, choosing a suitable method for their protection is necessary. | The ideal solution is a new and updated method of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design). Through this concept, the essence of which lies in the correct design of the environment, mass can be eliminated in the selected area. |
| Arabi, Naseri et al. (2020) | A new approach has been developed to control and evaluate urban construction. Examining the factors of spatial engineering and their effect on reducing the values of urbanization, the effect of spaces on increasing the crime rate is a new approach in urban construction, management and planning. | The results show that buildings with religious activity and similar themes did not move along with the renovation or retrofitting processes. The weakness of location-based factors has caused an increase in crime rates and an increase in residents' dissatisfaction. |
| Kim and Park (2017) | This study proposes design alternatives for community street lighting using crime prevention environmental design (CPTED) concepts to increase natural surveillance and a sense of security. | This study presents alternatives for community street lighting based on CPTED, compares the alternatives with existing lighting using simulation software, and describes the effects of these alternatives. |
| Marques, Ferreira et al. (2018) | This study sought to develop a multi-criteria evaluation system to classify urban residential areas based on their exposure to crime. | This study showed that cognitive mapping facilitates the identification of cause-and-effect relationships between the sense of security and the determinants of crime and creates a better understanding of these relationships. |
The relationship between crime, urban satisfaction, and nightlife has been extensively studied, with findings indicating that the presence of crime and violence in a city or neighborhood directly impacts residents' satisfaction. Living in a city or neighbourhood with high levels of crime and violence typically leads to fear, anxiety, and dissatisfaction among individuals. This results in decreased trust in the urban environment and city officials, subsequently reducing citizens' satisfaction(Batty, Axhausen et al., 2012).
Furthermore, nightlife is also considered an important factor in the relationship between crime and urban satisfaction. Nightlife in urban neighbourhoods can lead to an increase in criminal and violent activities. Nightly activities such as drug use, vandalism, theft, and illegal gatherings contribute to the rise in crime and violence within a city. These factors directly affect urban dwellers' satisfaction and cause concern and dissatisfaction about the city environment. Studies show that the presence of crime and violence in a city and its nightlife can directly influence urban satisfaction. Reducing crime and violence in cities and creating a safe and peaceful environment can help increase the satisfaction of the citizens, contributing to a dynamic and thriving city (Arabi, Naseri et al., 2020).
The relationship between nightlife and residents' sense of securityThe relationship between nightlife and residents' sense of security is a significant topic in social studies and urban planning. Nightlife and the creation of a sense of security among residents in a city are directly connected. Nightlife in cities may include various activities such as gatherings, the use of public spaces, moving through streets (to meet daily needs), and participating in nighttime events. These activities can have a direct impact on residents' sense of security Isfahan municipality (2023).
When nightlife in a city is safe and devoid of social problems and crime, residents feel more secure and at peace. However, when nightlife is associated with issues such as crime, violence, theft, and illegal gatherings, the sense of security among residents will decrease. Factors such as proper street and public space lighting, the presence of police and security forces, organization and regulation of nighttime activities, and increased surveillance can enhance the sense of security among residents during their presence in urban spaces at various hours of the night. Additionally, nightlife can have a direct effect on the sense of security felt by city residents. Reducing criminal activities and strengthening security at night can aid in improving the sense of security among residents in cities and urban areas, contributing to the creation of a safe environment and a reliable, peaceful life (Bawaria and Pasupuleti, 2023).
Since the research aims to determine the relationship between social security and nightlife, the data is collected quantitatively. The data in this research is collected through documents, library surveys and questionnaires. In the following, we will examine the components of the research according to the stated topic and then we will also state the characteristics of each component.
Case StudyMosalla neighbourhood (Toqchi, is the new name) is the name of one of the old neighbourhoods of Isfahan, which is located in the 10th region of Isfahan. It was located at the beginning of the northern gate of old Isfahan and had many fertile gardens, which, in the past, surrounded the north of Isfahan like a green ring. In the southern part of Mosalla, there was a Jewish neighbourhood, and in the eastern part of this neighbourhood, there was a cemetery dating back to before the Safavid period in Isfahan, and near Toqchi Square (its current name is Quads Square) there is a large garden called Ghosh Khani which Its history goes back to the Safavid period (Isfahan municipality, 2023). Mosalla neighbourhood (Toqchi neighbourhood) is located in the north of the 10th region (Figure 1). The streets that pass around this neighbourhood are 1- Owhadi Street; 2 - Mosalla Street; 3 - Laleh Street; and 4- Soroush Street. Now, due to the changes that have taken place in this neighbourhood, the land and gardens have been somewhat destroyed, but the historical spaces have been preserved. The population of the Toqchi neighbourhood in the last available census that took place in 1400 was 8426 people and the area in this neighbourhood is approximately 510,000 square meters (Isfahan-municipality, 2023).
Mosalla of Isfahan is a case study in the questionnaire distributed in the Mosalla, We try to evaluate the research framework (social security on nightlife) in Table 2. in the Mosalla. The selected statistical population that we get with the Cochran test based on Formula 1 is 370 people. (The variables that are in Cochran's formula are N=size of the statistical population, d=allowed error (usually it is considered equal to 0.05), Z=value of the normal variable using the confidence level that is equal to 1.96, P = percentage of trait distribution in the statistical Friday, q = percentage of people who do not have the studied trait in the statistical population(. 8426 people were randomly selected from this population. So, these people in the Mosalla are from the age of 20 years and above. For the reliability of the research and the stability of the measurement, the statistical data has been collected in different time and place conditions. (The different time conditions mean that the data was collected at different hours of the day and night, when the Mosalla neighbourhood is busy or quiet, to check the opinions of the residents during different hours. The different location conditions mean that the questionnaires were collected from all areas of the Mossali neighbourhood to ensure the accuracy of the collected information and that the security and nightlife in all the different parts of the neighbourhood were checked). A conventional method for measuring reliability in research is using the Alpha test coefficient Cronbach, which will be analyzed by statistical data in the SPSS software. (Table 3)
| Field | Component | Indicators | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social Security | Determining territory | Creating a clear distinction between public, semi-public, semi-private and private spaces. | Iranmanesh and Etaati (2009) |
| Increasing natural supervision and expanding the sense of ownership through relevant institutions. | |||
| Creating a sense of belonging and peace of mind in local people. | |||
| Supervision and care | Creating windows overlooking the roads to increase security in the neighbourhood. | Rafifah and Tarigan (2023) | |
| Suitable location for public spaces that are both accessible and visible. | |||
| The strangeness of the neighbourhood entrances for non-natives. | |||
| Access or input control | Compliance with the hierarchical system of space using the walls of various structures, including flooring and standard sidewalks… | Beach (2000) | |
| Avoiding low-traffic corners or limited spaces. | |||
| Avoiding low-traffic corners or limited spaces. | |||
| Maintenance of space | Creating elements and visual communication within the range. | Cozens, Paul Michael, Saville et al. (2005) | |
| Maintenance and repair of urban equipment such as elements and signs, etc. | |||
| Not having groups of people in the area to participate more in the maintenance and spatial development of the area. | |||
| Reducing crime in space | Creating nighttime uses in the area to reduce crime. | Rafifah and Tarigan (2023) | |
| Proper lighting of roads to increase safety on the road. | |||
| Using signs and warning signs such as CCTV cameras, fences, etc. | |||
| Supporting activity programs | Creating activities that cause the presence of people inside the area, such as religious and national ceremonies. | Planning fundamentals for public officials and engaged in 2020. | |
| Modification of spatial planning and development of lost and outlying spaces within the area. | |||
| nightlife | Attendance | Creating spaces for the feeling of relaxation in people increases attendance. | Iranmanesh and Etaati (2009) |
| Making the nightlife in space known to people. | |||
| Securing the environment to create nightlife. | |||
| Providing a supervisor's view of the spaces where nightlife is going on. | |||
| Satisfaction | Residents' satisfaction with the environment created for night activities. | Motalebi, Khodadadi Agh Ghal’e et al. (2016) | |
| Effect of space | The liveliness of the space creates sensory richness in people. | Lee, J. S., Park et al. (2016) | |
| Creating special and diverse activities increases the impact on people's minds. | |||
| Support activity | Creating diverse uses in space. | Kamali, Sahraei et al. (2021) | |
| Creating active users during the day, especially at night |
After preparing the data from the questionnaire related to the components of social security and nightlife in the Mosalla neighbourhood of Isfahan, using T-TEST and analysis of variance One-sided, Pearson test, we will analyze the statistical data of this questionnaire. Also, Cronbach's alpha measurement tool is used to measure reliability in this research. One of the most common indicators of internal consistency is Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For the correctness of the desired hypothesis, which is in line with social security and nightlife in the Mosalla, Cronbach's alpha coefficient must be higher than 0.7, otherwise, our hypothesis will be rejected. Now the alpha coefficient of the desired research is in Table 3 for both variables.
| Independent Variable | Cronbach’s Alpha |
|---|---|
| Social Security | 0.845 |
| Nightlife | 0.862 |
In this research, the gender variable is two-dimensional (male/female) and the dependent variable is nightlife. We will measure the two variables together and we will use the T-Test tool to measure the relationship between these two variables. According to the test between two variables, it can be seen that the significant level of the test is more than 0.05 and it means that the variances are equal. Therefore, the first row of the data should be read as the level of significance is (Sig=0.02), which is less than the accepted value, I.e., 0.05, and this means that the confidence level of 95% shows a statistically significant difference between the two groups of men and women in Mosalla neighbourhood. (Table 4)
| Independent Samples Test | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levene's Test for Equality of Variances | t-test for Equality of Means | |||||||||
| F | Sig. | t | Df |
Sig. (2tailed) |
Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||
| Lower | Upper | |||||||||
| Average of the dependent variable | Equal variances assumed | .853 | .356 | -2.332 | 368 | .020 | -.13583 | .05826 | -.25039 | -.02128 |
| Equal variances not assumed | -2.299 | 212.729 | .022 | -.13583 | .05908 | -.25229 | -.01937 | |||
Other contextual variables used in this research are the age and education of people living in Mosalla. One-way analysis of variance is used to investigate the relationship between these variables and the dependent variable, I.e., nightlife in the Mosalla neighbourhood. The results of this test are shown in Table 5. From Table 5, it is possible to distinguish the significance level of the contextual variable and the dependent variable. If the significance level (Sig) is less than 0.05, there is a significant relationship. Now, it can be stated that there is a significant relationship between the contextual variable of age and nightlife, coefficient Sig=0.013, but there is no significant relationship between education and nightlife, coefficient Sig=0.094, However, since the value of F is positive, it can be stated that by increasing the level of education of the people in Mosalla, the effect of nightlife in this neighbourhood will be improved.
| ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | ||
| education | Between Groups | 72.380 | 26 | 2.784 | 1.405 | .094 |
| Within Groups | 679.793 | 343 | 1.982 | |||
| Total | 752.173 | 369 | ||||
| Age | Between Groups | 38.366 | 26 | 1.476 | 1.769 | .013 |
| Within Groups | 286.164 | 343 | .834 | |||
| Total | 324.530 | 369 | ||||
To measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire, I used the Pearson correlation test. There are some correlation coefficients, but correlation usually means the production of the torque correlation coefficient. It is called Pearson's correlation (unless it is explained in other ways). A null hypothesis indicates that there is no linear relationship between the variables, which is called a zero-correlation coefficient. Now let's examine the main variables of the research, that is, social security and nightlife in the Mosalla. Investigating the relationship between the independent variable (social security) and the dependent variable (nightlife in Mosalla) Investigating the relationship between the independent variable (social security) and the dependent variable (nightlife in Mosalla).
| Correlations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Average Security Component | Average Nightlife Component | ||
| Average security component | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .710* |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .01 | ||
| N | 370 | 370 | |
| Average nightlife component | Pearson Correlation | .710* | 1 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .01 | ||
| N | 370 | 370 | |
| *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). | |||
According to Table 6 and the measurement of the two variables of the research, we point out that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of security and nightlife (Sig=0.001).
Standard regression analysisBy performing the standard regression analysis, we want to know which one of the independent variables has the greatest effect on the dependent variable (nightlife). To understand this dependence, we need to specify the Standardized Beta. The largeness of Beta indicates its relative importance and its role in predicting the dependent variable.
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t |
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Beta | ||||
| 1 | (Constant) | 0.896 |
|
7.386 |
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.003 |
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.025 | .479 |
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.051 |
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.049 | .945 |
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.006 |
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.207 | .134 |
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.046 |
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.145 | .862 |
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.158 |
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.352 | 2.835 |
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.145 |
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.158 | 1.113 |
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According to Table 7, the influential independent variable (reducing crime in the area) with the value of Beta=0.352 and Sig=0.001 will have the most effect on the dependent variable (nightlife). Now, the independent variable of area maintenance with a value of Beta=0.145 and a significant level of Sig=0.001 will have the least effect on the dependent variable. Now, in another table from the standard regression analysis, the variance of nightlife in the Mosalla is explained by dependent variables. In this research, according to Table 8, the R-value of the variance equals 0.768 and the R-squared in this research is 0.780, In other words, 78% of the variance has been explained. The results indicate that 78% of the changes in the dependent variable (nightlife) will be explained by the independent variable (social security).
| Model Summary | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. The error in the Estimate |
| 1 | .897a | .780 | .768 | .32647 |
| a. Predictors: (Constant), Determining the territory, monitoring and care, control and access, maintaining the space Reducing the criminality of space, supporting activity programs. | ||||
The independent variable (social security) has 6 components and the dependent variable (nightlife) has 4 components. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to check between these components. The results were obtained in Table 9. As you see, the components of attendance, satisfaction, influence, and support of the activity have a significant relationship with the components of territory determination, supervision, care, control, and access, maintaining the space, reducing crime in the place, and supporting the program of activities.
| Determining territory | Monitoring and care | control and access | Maintaining the space | Reducing crime in space | Support of activity programs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attendance | Pearson's correlation coefficient | 0.75 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.149 | 0.057 |
| A significant level of SIG | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Number | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | |
| Satisfaction | Pearson's correlation coefficient | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.086 | 0.034 | 0.052 | 0.053 |
| A significant level of SIG | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Number | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | |
| Impact | Pearson's correlation coefficient | 0.081 | 0.026 | 0.044 | 0.068 | 0.005 | 0.078 |
| A significant level of SIG | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Number | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | |
| Support activity | Pearson's correlation coefficient | 0.067 | 0.019 | 0.035 | 0.052 | 0.161 | 0.247 |
| A significant level of SIG | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Number | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 370 | |
The current research, based on the C.P.T.E.D approach components and the obtained quantitative data, examines the relationship between two dependent variables (nightlife) and one independent variable (security). According to the t-test results in the first line, the significance level is 0.02 (Sig=0.02). In other words, this means a significant relationship exists between the two-dimensional component of gender and the dependent variable (nightlife). Additionally, based on the analysis of the variance test, which compares the variables of age and education with the dependent variable, a significant relationship was observed between age and nightlife. Therefore, the coefficient is 0.013 (Sig=0.013), and the relationship between nightlife and education is 0.094 (Sig=0.094), indicating that there is no significant relationship between these two variables. However, F=1.405 suggests that the higher the level of education in the neighbourhood, the more effective it will be in the formation of nightlife.
To determine the relationship between the two variables of security and nightlife, Pearson's correlation test was used, which showed a significant correlation between these two components. The Pearson coefficient in this relationship is R=0.710, which indicates a strong relationship between these two variables, and their significance level is Sig = 0.01.
In this study, there are six indicators in the independent variable (security) to determine the impact of each of these indicators on the dependent variable (nightlife). It was found that the indicator of reducing crime and delinquency in the area with a beta value of 352/0 and a significance level of 0.01 has the greatest impact on the dependent variable, which is the nightlife of the residents of the area. In addition, the area maintenance indicator has a beta value of 0.145 and a significant level of 0.01, indicating a lower impact than the area crime reduction variable. In addition, the independent variable (security) has a direct impact of 78% on nightlife in the area.
Now, some suggested solutions regarding social security under the influence of nightlife are:
2-Creating active night uses in the neighbourhood.
3-Creating vibrant environments in the neighbourhood to increase the presence of residents in that area.
Consequences of the studyBased on the findings obtained in this research, it can be said that social security has a significant impact on the nightlife of the residents of a neighbourhood. Nightlife in neighbourhoods with insufficient security may face issues such as violence, theft, assault and various types of harassment. These problems can create fear and worry among residents and harm their quality of life. In addition, the improvement of security in the neighbourhoods has led to the prosperity of nightlife and the improvement of the performance of the neighbourhood in different areas. Investigating social security regarding urban decay can have significant positive effects on increasing nightlife in the neighbourhood. Urban decay usually includes old and unsafe buildings that may pose security risks. In addition, crime is more likely to occur in urban decay areas (Bawaria and Pasupuleti, 2023; Foster and Giles-Corti, 2008). Increasing social security in urban decay can be achieved through the installation of security cameras, adequate lighting, strengthening Police supervision, increasing the presence of the local community and promoting night activities in the neighbourhood are also recommended to use local cultural and artistic activities to strengthen the nightlife in the neighbourhood and improve public spaces to host these activities, entertainment and social interaction. Helping to attract tourists, in addition, to creating areas such as parks, squares and playgrounds for children can increase nighttime activities and, in general, provide a suitable environment for social interactions, helping to strengthen nightlife and improve social conditions, cultural and economic in the neighbourhood (Kim and Park, 2017). The impact of social security on nightlife in different cities of the world may be different depending on various factors. For example, safe cities are usually quiet environments during the night with various amenities that create a sense of well-being and security among people. In addition, cultural differences can play a role in influencing social security and nightlife in cities. For example, some cultures have many nocturnal activities and people generally feel safe, while in other cultures these activities may be more limited and lead to increased security concerns. (Groff and McCord, 2012; Roberts, Eldridge et al., 2007). Finally, social security has a significant impact on the nightlife of city dwellers around the world. Cities that have managed to provide a safe and comfortable environment for nightlife generally provide a better experience for their residents. Conversely, cities facing security issues may restrict nighttime activities, leading to fear and anxiety among residents. Therefore, attention to social security and measures taken to improve it in cities have helped to improve the quality of nightlife of residents. If the research findings are applied in cities around the world, they can create safe and enjoyable environments for the residents of these cities. This can be achieved by implementing the following measures (Afzalan and Muller, 2018):
A) Creating public spaces with proper lighting, designing streets and corridors to increase surveillance and communication between people, creating green spaces and parks and combining safety elements such as fences, transparent barriers and lighting points.
b) Establishing local security councils and implementing training and awareness programs in the community can help strengthen collaborative surveillance and reduce crimes and risks.
c) Implementation of easy and reliable reporting systems, the establishment of emergency helplines and support services, and the development of crime assessment and follow-up programs and systems.
Suggested solutionsAccording to the mentioned findings, it can be said that creating a sense of security among the residents of the city leads to improvement and peace in the lives of the people of that city. In addition, higher social security in cities around the world has an impact on the vibrancy of nightlife. In addition, it is of significant value to cities around the world, including:
A) Investment attractiveness: Cities with strong social security are highly attractive to investors. Investors are looking for a safe environment for their investment, and in cities with less crime and risk, business success is more likely. This can contribute to economic growth and job opportunities in cities. A study conducted by the World Economic Forum in 2020 showed that investment attractiveness was compared among cities around the world based on various indicators, including citizen security and crime laws.
b) Quality of life: Social security significantly affects the quality of life of city residents. In cities with strong social security, residents feel more relaxed and confident. They can go about their daily activities more freely and enjoy public spaces such as parks and recreation centres. This leads to an improvement in the quality of life of the residents. A study conducted by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) showed a positive relationship between social security and the quality of life of city dwellers. Various indicators including personal security and a sense of security in urban areas were measured (United Nations Development Programme, 2018).
c) Attracting tourists: cities with strong social security are also attractive destinations for tourists. Tourists are looking for places where personal safety and their belongings are guaranteed. Cities with lower crime rates can become popular tourist destinations and earn money from tourists and visitors(Mihinjac and Saville, 2019, 2020).
p) Social connections: Strong social security increases social connections. In cities where residents feel safe, social relations between people improve. More people participate in social activities and experience a sense of belonging to the community. This creates a stronger and more cohesive community(Fleissner and Heinzelmann, 1996).
d) Reducing security costs: In cities where the crime rate is lower, the need for security costs is reduced. Security forces and the police can better allocate their resources and focus on crime prevention. This can improve the city's security system and lead to cost savings in public resources (Asgari Tafarshi, Adibzadeh et al., 2019). Therefore, social security and nightlife have a significant impact on cities around the world. What is finally remarkable is that communication, economy, quality of life and urban vitality depend on social security. Increasing social security in cities can bring significant improvements in these areas, especially in nightlife.
This research focuses on the effect of C.P.T.E.D variables, especially the independent variable (security) and the dependent variable (nightlife). Mosalla neighbourhood is facing challenges in promoting nightlife and improving security in its environment. To solve these challenges, it is necessary to raise awareness and provide necessary training regarding the importance and benefits of strengthening and developing nightlife in the neighbourhood. Furthermore, by integrating principles such as accessibility, territoriality, and regulatory measures into cities, it is possible to create environments that not only reduce crime but also foster a stronger sense of social cohesion and security among residents. he \ she is doing. Therefore, adopting C.P.T.E.D as a key component of urban planning and crime prevention initiatives can significantly contribute to creating safer urban spaces. Improved security measures lead to a reduction in criminal activity and create a safer environment that increases community participation in nighttime activities. Finally, strengthening social security not only increases the quality of nightlife but also contributes to the vitality and overall social well-being of the community.
The results obtained in this research show that the security component affects the nightlife component. The results were obtained through questionnaire collection and quantitative data analysis. Security depends on various factors and elements within the city, and each of them has a positive effect on the image of the city. Currently, to increase security in urban environments, including run-down neighbourhoods, revitalizing the area and improving building patterns can help improve its performance. Also, officials should plan various activities and programs in these fields.
Conceptualization, H.M.KH.; Methodology, H.M.KH, and J.I.SH.; Literature review, H. J, and A.H.; Observation, H.M.KH.; Data management, H.M.KH, and J.I.SH.; Supervision, J.I.SH.; Research, H.J.; Resource collection, A.H.; Writing-original preparation of draft, H.M.KH.; Writing-review and editing, J.I.SH, and H.M.KH. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.
We thank the residents of the Mosalla neighbourhood who cooperated with the questionnaire.
