Thermocells for Self-Powered Sensors —From Fundamental Principles to Applications—

Abstract

Thermocells, also known as thermogalvanic or thermoelectrochemical cells, are gaining increasing attention for their potential in sustainable energy harvesting applications. These devices use temperature-dependent redox reactions to generate electricity, offering a high Seebeck coefficient compared to conventional thermoelectric materials. This review provides an overview of the historical development of thermocells, from early studies of galvanic corrosion to their evolution into modern energy harvesting systems. Recent advances in thermocell materials are discussed, such as the use of host-guest systems, ionic liquid electrolytes, and performance-enhancing additives. There is also discussion of improvements in electrode materials, such as the shift from precious metals to low-cost carbon-based alternatives. Finally, we present our group's recent developments in thermocells, showcasing practical demonstrations of energy harvesting from body heat and solar thermal energy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of thermocells, their current challenges, and their promising future in energy conversion technologies.