「大祖国戦争」言説と戦後ソ連におけるその転換：独ソ戦期，1945年及び1965年の演説テクストの内容分析から

抄録

This article focuses on the Soviet/Russian narrative concerning the war against Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945, which has been called the “Great Patriotic War” in the USSR and today’s Russia. This narrative portrays the armed conflict and the role of the invaded nation as follows: the atrocious enemy suddenly attacked us, the peace-loving Soviet people, but we fought back and finally defeated the invaders at the cost of countless lives of our compatriots, saving our motherland and the whole world from the evil. This mythical version of the war memory has its powerful influence over modern Russia – not only the official rhetoric around Russia’s invasion into Ukraine but also the spontaneous national identity among the ordinary people, as shown by the poll results for many years before the full-scale invasion. Therefore, analyzing the Russian tradition of remembering the events on the Eastern Front of WWII is crucial for understanding how it influences Russia’s politics and its society.

This article aims to examine the basic plot of the “Great Patriotic War” narrative and its shift in emphasis after the Soviet-German war through content analysis of official speech texts. To accomplish this goal, the study analyzes the texts of four wartime speeches and two Victory Parade speeches in 1945 and 1965 using quantitative text analysis and frame analysis. Previous works on this theme using frame analysis have not adopted the methods of quantitative analysis. However, content analysis benefits significantly from combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In this article, the quantitative text analysis is conducted by software “KH Coder,” and the frame analysis is based on following twelve frames: “war sufferings,” “atrocious enemy,” “peace-loving Soviet people,” “friendly nations,” “fighting,” “victory,” “patriotic/holy war,” “heroes,” “saving people of the world,” “wartime leader,” “contribution to the Allies” and “new threats.” Besides these frames, the author examines the roles of different values（“traditional/universal” and “revolutionary/socialistic”）in the speech texts.

The analysis results allow us to draw the following conclusions:

1. The “patriotic/holy war” frame is prominent through all the texts.

2. The “war sufferings,” “atrocious enemy” and “peace-loving Soviet people” frames are highly noticeable at the beginning of the war.

3. While the “traditional/universal” values are overwhelmingly dominant during the war, the “revolutionary/socialistic” ones revive in 1965.

4. The subject for praise switches from Stalin in 1945 to the “heroic Soviet people” in 1965.

5. The Cold War significantly influences the 1965 speech text: now the U.S. is seen not only as a friend in the war against Hitler but also as a “new threat” against world peace.

6. The content of Stalin’s speech at the military parade on November 7, 1941, more closely resembles that of his speech celebrating the victory over the Third Reich in 1945 rather than that of the other two speeches in the first year of the war.

Exploring speech texts that represent the “Great Patriotic War” narrative by quantitative text analysis reveals minor shifts in the unchanged, if seen from afar, narrative. This would help us deeply understand the mechanism by which one of the Soviet-era mythical narratives survived the collapse of the communist regime and enjoys today’s unrivaled status as the core of Russia’s national identity.