Abstract
This study conducted a driving simulation experiment to compare four automated driving
systems (ADS) during lane change demanding situations on highways while accounting for
the drivers’ gender, age, and experience. While an ADS is activated, the vehicle approaches
traffic congestion on the left-hand lane. ADS-1 can reduce the speed to synchronize with the
congestion. ADS-2 reduces the speed and issues an optional request to intervene, advising the
driver to change lanes manually. ADS-3 offers to overtake the congestion autonomously if the
driver approves it. ADS-4 overtakes the congestion autonomously without the driver's
approval. Results of drivers' reaction and acceptance indicated that differences between ADS
designs increase when considering the combined effect of driver's gender, age, and experience
more than when the effect of each factor is considered separately. While preliminary, these
findings may help us understand how ADS users' behavior can differ based on several
demographic human factors.
