Abstract
Shearing tests on powders in a two-dimensional model were carried out for the purpose of determining the translational, rotational, rolling, and sliding movements of individual particles in a piled bed. These microscopic measurements were made by direct observation of the front surface of a two-dimensional bed and were used to calculate the overall stress-strain (τ/σ-d) relation. These calculated results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental (macroscopic) stress-strain curves.
