アレクサンドロスのApotheosisについて

抄録

Concerning the problem of the so-called 'Deification' of Alexander, it has been much disputed whether the king himself took the initiative or the Greek cities The hitherto accepted view has ascribed the initiative to the king, whose Machtgefuhl, enhanced in the process of the expedition, led him to the demand for his deification The examination of the sources, however, does not alway sprove this dominant view, but rather assures me of Alexander's firm faith through his life that he was 'a son of the god Zeus' An analysis of the several episodes (e g the reception of Ammon's oracle, the rivalry with Heracles and Dionysos, etc) may somewhat clarify what has been stated above On the other hand, the fact too, must be noticed that Alexander is, as to religious feeling, an exponent of his people, among whom a much more pious character still persisted than among other contemporary Greeks It is important that Alexander is said to be ο του θειου επιμελεστατοζ, the man who most of all fears ασεβεια or human υβριζ I should like to consider, both from his innermost belief and from his outer behaviour, his demand in 324 B C for official confirmation of his popularly recognized status as 'a son of the god Zeus' Moreover, judging from his political intentions, it must have been necessary for him to incorporate the Hellenic League and the macedoman territory into one united imperial regime For this final purpose, Alexander, while striving for his higher auctoritas, must eliminate the undercurrents of distrust against him among the Greeks without using compulsion Therefore, through winning their religious sympathy as 'a son of the god Zeus' like Heracles, he tries to mitigate the situation and cultivate their mutual solidarity thereafter For the Macedonians too, he could count on a similar result Suspicious feelings were increasing among the macedonian soldiers that their king might desert his compatriots Hence there arose severe opposition to Alexander as 'the son of the god Ammon', and to his orientalization in general On the other hand, Alexander as 'a son of Zeus' might be acceptable to them too, and thus he could compromise with their nationalism from which his policy step by step became estranged The request for recognition as 'a son of Zeus', together with the 'exile decree', denotes his farsighted statesmanship-an effective policy, conciliatory toward the Greeks and concessive toward his subject peoples, and one by winch both these components could be united into an empire with the least friction In 324 B C, when Alexander was officially deified at Babylon by the θεωροι from Greece, it was a result of nothing more than such κολακειοα on the part of the pro-macedonian factions in the cities, a κολακεια stimulated by Alexander's own request but going far beyond his real intentions at that time