古代ローマの親族集団 : familiaとdomusを中心に

抄録

R. P. Sailer recently criticized lexica failing to indicate what circle of relatives is included in their definition of "family" for familia or domus. According to his investigation, familia chiefly included agnates joined by a male line. Domus, on the other hand, included both agnates and cognates connected by a female linking relative. Accepting Sailer's suggestion, Makoto Shimada attempted to explain the change of family type in Roman society. He advanced a new theory that the Roman elite shifted from an emphasis on the agnaticfamilia to an emphasis on the cognatic domus in 90/ 89B.C. In this paper, by examining the meanings of familia and domus, the author attempts to answer the following two questions : first, when and how did Roman kin groups change, and, what type of kin groups appeared in Roman society. The results of the examination are as follows. 1)Contrary to the suggestion of Sailer, there is strong evidence for a parallel structure between familia and domus after 200 B.C. Along with the decline of patriarchy after 200 B.C., the category of familia also changed from patrilineal to quasi-bilateral and hence, included cognatic descent, as did domus after the first century B.C. Consequently, the date when Roman kin groups changed was about 200 B.C. and the structure of new kin groups were quasi-bilateral. 2)Around 200 B.C., marriage patterns changed drastically(i.e., the spread of sine manu, divorce and close-kin marriage). This change was the critical point of substantiation of changes in kin groups in that peried. 3)A quasi-bilateral structure was suitable for the political reality, but it also had a defect in that it was hard to maintain unity in the kin group. The spread of close-kin marriage could be interpreted as part of an effort to maintain the unity of the kin group.