「ドーリア人の侵入」と考古学 : Handmade Burnished Wareを手がかりとして

抄録

While many phenomena of the transitional phase from Bronze Age to Iron Age Greece have long been attributed to the invasion of one distinct ethnic group from the north, the Dorians, many doubts are now being raised with regard to the historicity of this event because of the lack of proper archaeological evidence. This lack of Dorian material forced Chadwick and others to surmise that the Dorians did not enter the Peloponnese at the end of the Bronze Age but they had already been there all along the Mycenaean era as lower class. This theory surely goes very well with the archaeological data and most archaeologists tend to accept the theory. But since there are so many literary evidences which are related to the story of the Dorian invasion and accordingly there are many ancient historians who still hold the view that the Dorian invasion did occur, it seems a little premature to alter its historical implication so completely. In this paper an alternative solution to the problem is advanced through the investigation of the handmade burnished ware, which is sometimes called the barbarian or even the Dorian pottery. The significance of the handmade burnished ware was first announced by Rutter, who stressed the northern origin for this conspicuous pottery. Since the fabric of this ware is quite coarse, it is not probable that the pottery reached southern Greece through exchange. Although it is usually unsafe to equate a distinct artifact with a specific human group, the appearance of this handmade burnished ware clearly indicates the presence of a human group which is foreign to the traditional Mycenaean culture. The examination of its stratigraphical contexts in several sites reveals an interesting pattern : it has been recovered both before and after the catastrophe of the Mycenaean settlement. The implication is that the people who manufactured the ware did not invade en masse at the time of catastrophe, but infiltrated gradually and sporadically in the Mycenaean society. Even though we cannot tell the exact cause of their infiltration from the archaeological evidence, it is tempting to suppose that the unusual prosperity of the large Mycenaean centers attracted the people from the less developed peripheral area. Though it is not clear whether they might have served as mercenaries or Gastarbeiter, they were fully integrated into the Mycenaean society before the destruction of the palaces. With the disappearance of the narrow aristocracy after the destruction, those who had already infiltrated might become the majority of the society. It is surely one thing to say that several infiltrations of the foreign ethnic groups, such as the people who left the handmade burnished ware, did occur at the end of the Mycenaean palatial period ; it is quite another thing to say that some of them were the Dorians. But unless the traditions on the Dorian invasion were totally fictitious, this process, which is reconstructed through the examination of the emergence of the handmade burnished ware, seems the only explanatory model worth considering to reconcile the ancient traditions to the modern archaeological data.