Abstract
The training system established for neurosurgical residents seems to have functioned very well so far in the University of Tokyo group. The trainees are required learn how to adopt new techniques and/or concepts in addition to developing their own surgical skills. Looking back on its history, surgery has continuously divided into new subspecialties. Board certified neurosurgeons are required to follow any advances in the field and to keep abreast of the latest technologies. They are increasingly recommended to establish their own subspecialty because the level of basic research as well as clinical neurosurgery has become increasingly higher and higher. We also need to consider the purpose of our research activities. Due to an evolving health care enviroment and the challenges posed by an aging society, the lifelong continuous education system will become increasingly important for neurosurgeons.
