Development of scales to assess Self-Efficacy and Other-Efficacy in soft tennis:

focusing on skill and psychological performance

Abstract

    In the present study, using data from 280 soft tennis players in Japanese high school students, we developed scales to assess skills related to Self-Efficacy (SE) and Other-Efficacy (OE), and to assess psychological performance related to OE in a soft tennis. Subsequently, we examined the features and relevance of the 3 scales that we developed, and of the psychological performance SE scale. The results are summarized as follows:
    1) The reliability and validity of the SE and OE scales, and the psychological performance OE scale was confirmed for each skills in a soft tennis game.
    2) It was found that the SE and OE scores for each skill and the psychological performance SE score increased as the competition level increased. However, this was not observed with reference to psychological performance OE score.
    3) It was found that the SE and OE score for each skill, except those for net play, were significantly, positively correlated. Similarly, the psychological performance SE and OE scores were significantly, positively correlated.
    4) Additionally, the SE score on each skill was significantly, positively correlated with the psychological performance SE and OE scores, and this correlation was stronger with the psychological performance SE score.
    5) It was found that the OE score for each skill was significantly, positively correlated with the psychological performance SE and OE score, and the correlation was stronger with the psychological performance OE score.