Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in the removal of 5' leader sequences from tRNA precursors (pre-tRNA) . We have determined the crystal structures of all protein subunits Ph1771p, Ph1877p, Ph1601p, Ph1481p, and Ph1496p. Furthermore, the essential amino acid residues in these proteins for the P. horikoshii RNase P activity were assigned by site-directed mutagenesis.