Transition of Open Innovation Systems in the Space Agencies

抄録

This paper investigates the transition of research and development (R&D) in space exploration from a closed system, primarily centered around space agencies, towards an open innovation system involving various stakeholders such as private sector entities and universities. This evolution is examined within the context of the space agencies of Japan, the United States, and Europe. The study identifies the typology of open innovation in the space field and outlines how it has evolved through time. It utilizes the Stakeholder Value Network (SVN) method to model the relationships among stakeholders in each system's institutional design. The study further proposes different types of inter-stakeholder structures observable in open innovation and how these transitions in typology have been implemented. This transition is characterized by a shift from exclusive agency-led developments to a system that incorporates external technologies owned by conventional companies, increasing stakeholder involvement, competitiveness, and efficiency in terms of technology advantages and cost. The paper concludes by asserting the value of typologizing this transition as a guide for emerging nations seeking to develop their own space industries through fostering open innovation measures.