Abstract
With the aim of preventing traffic accidents involving elderly drivers at night and during rainfall, visibility evaluation experiments were conducted on 144 image samples of four-color umbrellas with reflective tape affixed in three patterns (four locations, circumferential, radial) and four-color umbrellas without tape for two groups: young age and elderly-simulated groups. Visibility ratings for the young age group were significantly higher than the elderly-simulated group for all umbrellas (p<0.05). When the reflective tape was applied in the circumferential or radial direction, the visibility rating was 4.0 (slightly visible) or higher for both groups up to 50-60m points of low-beam illumination. The circumferential pattern was found to be more effective in improving visibility than the radial pattern because it uses less area of reflective tape and is more economical.
https://ror.org/04f4wg107 
