Casino legalization and gambling disorder: A comprehensive review and recommendations

Abstract

While many people across the world enjoy gambling as a form of leisure, approximately 1–5% of the population struggles with gambling disorder. This rate is known to be even higher in Japan. Although a clinical diagnosis for gambling has long existed, not many clinicians are familiar with its etiology or treatment methods. Casino operation was recently legalized in Japan; while an economic boost is expected, an increase in gambling-related problems is also of concern. Because of the growing interest on the impact of gambling and gambling disorder in Japan, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of literature on gambling-related issues. Specifically, the following topics are discussed: 1) the prevalence and diagnostic classification, 2) etiological factors, and 3) interventions. Due to similarities between Japanese and American treatment environments, findings from the studies conducted in the U.S. are the primary focus of this paper. Recommendations to Japanese researchers, treatment providers, and other stakeholders are also provided.