参加型開発とコミュニティの自律性と他律性

―タンザニアにおける農村を事例として―

抄録

Past experiences in the field of international development tell us that participatory development does not always yield sustainable community development, despite efforts to foster people's initiatives. Situations in which a community does not sustain its development activities autonomously are not uncommon. A fundamental cause of this could be perceptional gaps between the interveners and the intervened. In fact, the concepts of participatory development itself have been historically constructed by the interveners, who are usually out of touch with community life. In this sense, the idea of participatory development has been based on the essentialism of the interveners.

This article tries to clarify the perceptional gap between the interveners and the intervened by examining the relation between autonomous and heteronomous natures and participatory approaches. To examine this relation, the article seeks to verify the following two hypotheses. 1) In a community, autonomous and heteronomous natures inhere concurrently. 2) A participatory approach has an influence over autonomous and heteronomous natures of a community. These hypotheses are verified through a case study of a Tanzanian community.

The article refers to the social theories of Niklas Luhmann to define the autonomous and heteronomous natures of a community. The main reason for referring to the social theories is that the level of analysis in those theories is that of society and people, so the article automatically clarifies the nature of community by referring to the social theories and thus is able to analyze the community while ignoring the essentialism of the interveners.