Abstract
After 10 years speedy postwar reconstruction and nearly 20 years of very economical growth, Japan seems to be deadlocked by probleme of emergy and environment. Over 70 percent of Japanese land is mountaneous regions. Therefore, for example, her energy consumption per unit area of flat land is approximately 10 times that of the United States.
To build new plants in Japan is increasingly difficult. The difficulty can not be be resolved completely by seeking vacant lots in foreign countries. In other words, certain plants should continue to be built in Japan.
Consequently, to construct and operate pollution free plants became extremely important. Closed system plants are difined as such pollution free plants.
The following items about closed system oil refineries were discussed;
(1) Concept and definition of closed system refineries
(2) Approaches to closed system refineries together with an example
(3) Comments
