Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem that carries a substantial risk for end- stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and death. In CKD, the accumulation of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins [e.g. indoxyl sulfate, p-Cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)] accelerates the progression of CKD and hence, mortality. Therefore, reducing the accumulation of such uremic toxins through modification of gut microbiota is important for the protection against and amelioration of renal damage.