Abstract
This study compares policies on sustainable tourism in major European tourism cities, such as Paris, Barcelona, and Venice. Quantitative text analysis is conducted on the cities’ destination management strategies, clarifying a statistical difference both in priority areas based on VICE theory and in main action approaches through correspondence analysis of verbs. This analysis revealed that some cities, such as Berlin and Amsterdam, adopt very similar policies. In contrast, Paris and Barcelona, which face similar challenges including overtourism, utilize completely different policies. The results also indicate that governments are developing more positive policies for visitors and industry while destination marketing organizations focus on the community and environment. The study's findings demonstrate that cities may require policy divergence, not only convergence.
