Abstract
Adults who stutter often have psychosocial difficulties, and in such cases, psychological interventions may be warranted. In general, evidence-based practices （EBP）have three components:（I）patient characteristics and preferences（patientbased evidence），（II）clinical expertise（practice-based evidence），and（III）research evidence. Evidence-based psychological practices（EBPP）include a wide range of processes, including assessments, effective therapeutic alliances, and interventions. A meta-analysis of pre-post comparisons of psychological interventions showed that cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness and/or acceptance interventions are efficacious（III: research evidence）．Surveys on experts on stuttering and adults who stutter has pointed out that factors nonspecific to interventions are important, including individual goal settings, empathy, therapeutic alliance, and psychoeducation of stuttering treatments（I and II: patient- and practice-based evidence）．EBP or EBPP on adults who stutter should include not only interventions empirically supported by research evidence（III）but also clinical decisions based on patient- and practice- based evidence （I and II）．
