Neural Basis of the Development of Executive Function

Abstract

This article reviews recent advances of research on neural basis of the development of executive function (EF). EF refers to the ability to control thought, action, and emotion. Recently, a framework of hot/cool distinction in EF has been proposed. According to this framework, hot EF includes processes elicited under affective conditions, such as a delay of gratification, which is in contrast to cool EF that works in neutral, non-affective situations such as cognitive shifting. In this article, I first reviewed the behavioral development of both aspects of EF. Then, the neural basis of hot and cool EF in adults was introduced. Specifically, the lateral prefrontal cortex and the reward system are related to hot EF whereas the lateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex are related to cool EF. Finally, I introduce children's and adolescent's studies about the neural basis of the development of hot and cool EF and its disorders.