Cadmium concentrations in rice were employed as an index of cadmium exposure. Samples of unpolished rice were collected from 727 households in 40 villages along the cadmium-polluted Jinzu River basin and analyzed for the metal. The prevalence of itai-itai disease was used as the index of the effects of cadmium.
A close relationship between cadmium exposure and its effect on health was found when disease patients were stratified according to cadmium concentration per village, demonstrating that doseresponse relationships did in fact exit.