Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and differences in outdoor recreation
constraints between Japanese adolescent proactive and reactive response groups (Jackson et al.,
1993). To do so, this study conducted a questionnaire survey of undergraduate students at Kobe
University. Based on their frequency of participation in outdoor recreation during the previous
year, as well as their outdoor recreation motivation, participants were categorized into either a
＂proactive response group＂ (n = 255) or a ＂reactive response group＂ (n = 137). A Hotelling T2-
test and follow-up t-tests were performed by using this dichotomous grouping as an independent
variable and three types of constraints as dependent variables. Results showed a significant
difference in intrapersonal constraint, but not in interpersonal and structural constraints, between
the proactive and reactive response groups. As with Ito et al.＇s (2016) findings, this result suggests
that intrapersonal constraint is the key variable that must be negotiated to promote outdoor
recreation among Japanese adolescents.
