Abstract
Even when a program is shown to have evidence that it is effective, using the evidence, or implementing the program while retaining or confirming/renewing its effectiveness is not easy. This article proposes two views of the process of using evidence. One view is of the technological transfer, the process of retaining the effectiveness of the original program. The view of the technological transfer suggests that the implementation of the original program while retaining its effectiveness cannot be achieved by knowledge provision, but must include a change in intra- or inter-organizational environment to be more collaborative. The other view is of the replication, the process of confirming/renewing the effectiveness of the original program. The view of replication suggests that core components of a program can be defined as predictors of the outcome, or components which can enhance external validity of the program in different contexts, such as local additions and factors promoting applicability of the program. The next future step for the promotion of using evidence is to establish a purveyor (an entity responsible for the development of organizations, staff, and leaders, technical assistance and the third-party evaluation as well as the provision of information) in various fields, equipped with the view of the process of using evidence for both technological transfer and replication.
