Abstract
In order to realize CO2 reduction in the future, we have to consider not only induvial measures but also integrated energy-chains, which includes
processes from energy production, to transportation, energy conversion, end-use technologies, and energy services. The future energy chains
with VREs in a large scale must harmonize time-patterns of supply and demand of electricity considering measures of both supply and demand
sides. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an effect of active operation time-patterns of electric appliances such as heat-pump water heaters
(HPWHs) and electric vehicles (EVs) considering energy-chains in Japan. For that purpose, the author developed an energy model considering
energy chains that includes 21 kinds of energy services with power generation systems in detail. Using the model, the author conducted
simulations and obtained the following results. If active operation-time patterns concerning HPWHs and EVs are assumed in 2050, it increases
the costs of end-use technologies but decrease fossil fuel costs and CO2 emissions in Japan. The energy-chains in 2050 shows the shifts of
energy chains such as thick chains of electricity and slim chains of fossils, compared with those in 2010.
