Abstract
According to previous studies, acquiring“ technique” came to be related to forming character after 1936. This study considers how Kenji Shinozaki thought about acquiring “technique” to contribute to forming character to clarify the factor that acquiring“ technique” took root in physical education. The historical materials used in this study are journal articles of Kenji Shinozaki published after 1936.
The results of this study are summarized as follows:
1） Based on the theory of Sukeichi Shinohara and consideration about development of “technique”, Shinozaki thought “technique” as the expression of the spirit and character. And he thought forming character as unify the spirit with body by the acquiring“ technique”.
2） Shinozaki thought that it was necessary to make traditional training of Japan an ideal for forming character by acquiring “technique”. Concretely, he thought that following two were indispensable. First, it is to rouse longing of students for exercise. Second, it is“ spiritual movement” which consists of “willing movement （effort for the realization of longing）” and “restrained movement （restraint of the harmful desire）”.
3） In order to rouse longing, Shinozaki thought it was effective in free gymnastics to compare the “technique” by aiming for the skillful student or observing each other. On the other hand, in gymnastics, he thought it was effective to aim for acquiring “technique” first, and raising the workmanship next. In addition, he thought it was indispensable to aim for acquiring “technique” which matches each student’s skill.
4） As regards “spiritual movement”, it was emphasized in gymnastics that the students made an effort for a long term to acquire “technique”. This is a concrete example of “willing movement”. However, Shinozaki didn’t mention“ restrained movement”.
As described above, it is considered acquiring “technique” to contribute to forming character was incomplete. However, the view that acquiring “technique” has the usefulness that rouses longing for exercise of students kept existing from the 1920’s. Therefore, it is considered that usefulness to rouse interest and longing for exercise became the factor of acquiring“ technique” in physical education class after 1936.
