Abstract
The industrial implementation of academic R&D outputs is of critical importance for national innovation systems. In the 1970s most of Japanese university R&D outputs were announced exclusively in academic societies or published in scientific journals, but in 21st century patent filings became common as for the R&D outputs applicable in industry. Tech-transfer staffs of universities and/or TLOs disclose a part of R&D outputs to firms prior to patent applications for listening to individual firm's responses, and the collected responses are often used for selection of promising licensee candidates and for promotion of the industry-university collaborative R&D projects. This R&D output-push type approach is a basic method of tech-transfer and university-industry alliance formation, but not necessarily almighty effective method. This article discusses business design-based methods for industrial implementation (e.g., in university startups and SMEs) of university R&D outputs.
