Abstract
When teaching academic writing, in addition to the citation format which is generally taught, there are various other citation styles. The results of a previous survey, conducted by the authors, of Japanese and international graduate students showed that the students had trouble recognizing the non-standard styles of citation. Based on those results, we investigated what non-standard citation context and role caused difficulties for the students and two characteristics were identified. We clarify the factors which contribute to the difficulties and provide suggestions for instruction.
