2022 Volume 100 Issue 2 Pages 387-414
Typhoon Jongdari (2018) took an unusual track along the circumference of an upper-tropospheric cold low (UTCL) before making landfall in Japan on 29 July. To investigate the effects of atmosphere–ocean interactions and interactions between the UTCL and Jongdari on the storm's track, numerical simulations were conducted with a 3-km-mesh nonhydrostatic atmosphere model and an atmosphere–wave–ocean coupled model, using different initial conditions created by adopting different start times of numerical integration. The UTCL was characterized by high potential vorticity (PV), low pressure, and low relative humidity on the 355-K isotherm surface. While the UTCL moved southwestward north of Jongdari from 25 to 27 July, simulation results indicate that Jongdari traveled counterclockwise along the circumference of the UTCL. After Jongdari moved westward, the coupled model clearly simulated sea surface cooling along the track. Jongdari weakened after making landfall while the UTCL also weakened south of Japan. In particular, latent heat flux from the sea and the resulting humidification of the upper troposphere through the convection affected the UTCL. When Jongdari redeveloped over the ocean south of Kyushu, some simulations showed that Jongdari merged with the UTCL there as a result of high PV in Jongdari and relatively low upper-tropospheric PV near the UTCL. Ocean coupling helped sustain the uppertropospheric PV near the UTCL and weakened the column of elevated PV associated with Jongdari, which affected the location of the tropopause folding transformed from the UTCL by lowering the PV column of Jongdari and weakening the upper-tropospheric outflow from the center. Because the steering flow of Jongdari was affected by the geostrophic-balanced cyclonic circulation created by the UTCL, a larger difference of the atmospheric initial conditions between the initial times had a stronger influence on track and intensity simulations of both Jongdari and UTCL than ocean coupling.
