Abstract
Time evolutions of anomalies of SST and atmospheric parameters over the global domain were investigated for the several ENSO cycles during the period 1964-79, using the data set described in Part I. The principal results are summarized as follows:
1) the eastward propagation of SLP and zonal wind anomalies from the Indian Ocean toward the eastern Pacific is a fundamental nature of ENSO along the tropics and the southern subtropics.
2) the significant anomalies of SLP and circulation field which first appear over the Indian Ocean seem to originate from central Asia or Eurasia.
3) the vertical structures of these anomalies over central Asia at the intermediate stages of the cycle (i.e., about one year before the SST maximum (minimum) over the equatorial Pacific) are suggested to represent large-scale cold (warm) air outbreak associated with more (less) than normal snow cover over there.
4) a time-lag teleconnection between the north Pacific and central Asia is found in the circulation field, which seems to have a key role on the mechanism of ENSO cycle.
The first two results have substantially confirmed the evidences of ENSO signals from Eurasia and the Indian Ocean toward the equatorial Pacific, which were noted in the surface fields by Barnett (1984, 1985a) and Krishnamurti et al. (1986).
The third result suggests the important role of Asian monsoon as a connector of the process in the extra-tropics and that in the equatorial Pacific. The fourth result seems to be associated with the interaction between the PNA and the EU (Eurasian) pattern with a time lag of half a year or more.
The links between the tropics and the extra-tropics and between the ocean and the continent described above strongly suggest that the ENSO should be understood as a global scale land (cryosphere)-atmosphere-ocean coupled system rather than an atmosphere-ocean coupled system over the equatorial Pacific.
